Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Human Geography > Unit 2 Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

population distribution

A

the pattern of people scattered over an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

population density

A

the number of people within a given area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major population concentrations

A

East Asia, Northeast America, South Asia, Western Europe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

human factors

A

culture, economics, history, politics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

physical factors:

A

climate, landforms, water bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

population density

A

measure of total population relative to land size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

arithmetic population density

A

measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

physiologic population density

A

measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

agricultural population density

A

measure of the number of farmers per arable land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

political

A

more laws, cities greater power/influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

economic

A

more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

social

A

more education, more health care, greater diversity (language/culture), more crime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

environment

A

deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

carrying capacity

A

the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

population pyramid

A

provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for
goods/services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rapid growth

A

distinguished by a wide base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

stable/slow growth

A

characterized by a rectangular shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

declining/negative growth

A

the base is smaller than previous cohorts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

disrupted growth

A

significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other
drastic events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

total fertility rate (TFR)

A

the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

birth rate

A

number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

replacement fertility level

A

2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

mortality (death) rate

A

number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

infant mortality rate

A

number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

child mortality rate

A

number of deaths of between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

maternal mortality rate

A

number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

migration

A

involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

emigration (out migration)

A

describes movement out of a particular place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

immigration (in migration)

A

describes movement to a particular place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

transnational migration

A

migration across national boundaries

31
Q

internal migration

A

migration within national boundaries

32
Q

natural increase

A

birth rate minus death rate

33
Q

population doubling time/J-curve

A

the length of time for a population to double in size

34
Q

s-curve

A

growth rates have declined (last couple of decades) and population

35
Q

social (factors that
influence fertility,
mortality, and
migration rates)

A

gender empowerment, attitudes about family planning, contraception, marrying age and family size

36
Q

cultural (factors that
influence fertility,
mortality, and
migration rates)

A

religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment

37
Q

political

A

government policies, gender empowerment, conflicts/war

38
Q

economic (factors that
influence fertility,
mortality, and
migration rates)

A

Core/Periphery/Semi-Periphery, education level, employment opportunity, nutrition, health care, gender empowerment

39
Q

issues with Demographic Transition Model

A

describes the demographic history of Europe (England)
it may not necessarily work outside of this region

40
Q

epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)

A

increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate

41
Q

population explosion

A

the very great and continuing increase in human population
in modern times

42
Q

Thomas Malthus (1798)

A

argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die

43
Q

Ester Boserup (1965)

A

theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure

44
Q

pro-natalist population policies

A

policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations: Japan, Singapore, Denmark, Germany, Italy

45
Q

anti-natalist population policies

A

policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have
China: one child policy
Iran: family planning
India: sterilization programs

46
Q

immigration policies

A

policies that address the movement of persons across borders

47
Q

Ravenstein’s laws of migration (1885):

A
  • every migration flow generates a return migration flow
  • most migrants move a short distance
  • migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
  • most migrants are from rural areas
  • migration is caused mostly by economic reasons
48
Q

population aging

A

determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy

49
Q

life expectancy

A

average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies within countries, cities, ethnicities, sexes, and between MDCs and LDCs

50
Q

aging index

A

the number of people age 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14
Europe: 263 older people for every 100 children
Africa: 37 older people for every 100 children

51
Q

aging population

A

an increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates/rising life expectancy
e.g. graying of America, graying of Japan

52
Q

social consequences

A

impact on family life, providing for elder care

53
Q

economic consequences

A

slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting pension benefits, increased health care costs

54
Q

political consequences

A

policy responses to counter effects of aging population (pro-natalist policies)

55
Q

dependency ratio

A

the comparison in a population of those aged 0-14 and 65+ compared to the rest of the population. Usually told as a number of n:100 where n represents those that are too young or too old to provide for themselves.

56
Q

pull factors

A

characteristics that attract a person to a place

57
Q

push factors

A

characteristics that make a person want to leave a place

58
Q

intervening opportunity

A

the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
e.g. finding a higher paying job en route to destination

59
Q

intervening obstacle

A

an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating
e.g. cost, distance, language, laws

60
Q

genocide

A

premeditated effort to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, religious group e.g. Rwanda, Holocaust, Cambodia

61
Q

ethnic cleansing

A

the effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide
e.g. former Yugoslavia

62
Q

forced migration

A

an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers

63
Q

slavery

A

having legal property rights over another human and forcing them to obey
- North Atlantic slave trade
- Indigenous populations

64
Q

refugee

A

individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution
e.g. race, religion, nationality, political opinion
- Syrians fleeing armed conflict
- Rohingya fleeing religious persecution (Myanmar)
- Afghan fleeing armed conflict

65
Q

asylum seeker

A

individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country

66
Q

internally displaced person (internal refugee)

A

individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety
e.g. Syrians fleeing to other parts of Syria
e.g. New Orleans flood victims

67
Q

voluntary migration

A

an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors
e.g. Europeans to North America
e.g. Americans from the north to the south

68
Q

transnational migration

A

migration across national boundaries

69
Q

internal migration

A

migration within national boundaries

70
Q

transhumance

A

seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture

71
Q

chain migration

A

immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination

72
Q

step migration

A

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)
i.e. from farm to nearby village, then to a town, then to the city

73
Q

guest workers

A

a person with temporary permission to work in another country (e.g. migrant labor)

74
Q

rural to urban migration

A

the movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes two things to happen; increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban areas

AP Human Geography (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions