Unit 2 Vocab Flashcards
population distribution
the pattern of people scattered over an area
population density
the number of people within a given area
major population concentrations
East Asia, Northeast America, South Asia, Western Europe
human factors
culture, economics, history, politics
physical factors:
climate, landforms, water bodies
population density
measure of total population relative to land size
arithmetic population density
measure of the number of people within a given area divided by the total land area
physiologic population density
measure of the number of people per arable (farmable) land
agricultural population density
measure of the number of farmers per arable land
political
more laws, cities greater power/influence
economic
more jobs, higher tax base, increase in poverty
social
more education, more health care, greater diversity (language/culture), more crime
environment
deforestation, less space/room, pollution, natural resource depletion
carrying capacity
the number of people an area can sustain without critically straining its resources
population pyramid
provides a visual representation of a population in terms of age and sex as well as a good indication of the dependency ratio within a country and is used to assess population growth and decline and to predict markets for
goods/services
rapid growth
distinguished by a wide base
stable/slow growth
characterized by a rectangular shape
declining/negative growth
the base is smaller than previous cohorts
disrupted growth
significant gaps in the pyramid, usually as a result of war, strict population policies, or other
drastic events
total fertility rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49)
birth rate
number of live births in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)
replacement fertility level
2.1 (slightly higher than 2.0 to account for infant/childhood mortality/childless women)
mortality (death) rate
number of deaths in a single year for every 1000 people (in a population)
infant mortality rate
number of deaths during the 1st year of life (per 1000)
child mortality rate
number of deaths of between the ages of 1 and 5 (per 1000)
maternal mortality rate
number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000)
migration
involves a degree of permanence when moving to a new locale
emigration (out migration)
describes movement out of a particular place
immigration (in migration)
describes movement to a particular place
transnational migration
migration across national boundaries
internal migration
migration within national boundaries
natural increase
birth rate minus death rate
population doubling time/J-curve
the length of time for a population to double in size
s-curve
growth rates have declined (last couple of decades) and population
social (factors that
influence fertility,
mortality, and
migration rates)
gender empowerment, attitudes about family planning, contraception, marrying age and family size
cultural (factors that
influence fertility,
mortality, and
migration rates)
religion/morality, ethnicity, values/attitudes, gender empowerment
political
government policies, gender empowerment, conflicts/war
economic (factors that
influence fertility,
mortality, and
migration rates)
Core/Periphery/Semi-Periphery, education level, employment opportunity, nutrition, health care, gender empowerment
issues with Demographic Transition Model
describes the demographic history of Europe (England)
it may not necessarily work outside of this region
epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)
increase in population due to medical innovation (modern medicine) causing a decrease in the death rate
population explosion
the very great and continuing increase in human population
in modern times
Thomas Malthus (1798)
argued that the size and growth of a population depends on the food supply and agricultural methods AND when there is an insufficient supply of food, people die
Ester Boserup (1965)
theorized that people will find ways to increase food production and improve agricultural methods in times of pressure
pro-natalist population policies
policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries with declining populations: Japan, Singapore, Denmark, Germany, Italy
anti-natalist population policies
policies that encourage couples to limit the number of children they have
China: one child policy
Iran: family planning
India: sterilization programs
immigration policies
policies that address the movement of persons across borders
Ravenstein’s laws of migration (1885):
- every migration flow generates a return migration flow
- most migrants move a short distance
- migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations
- most migrants are from rural areas
- migration is caused mostly by economic reasons
population aging
determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy
life expectancy
average number of years an infant newborn can expect to live; number varies within countries, cities, ethnicities, sexes, and between MDCs and LDCs
aging index
the number of people age 65 and older per 100 children ages 0-14
Europe: 263 older people for every 100 children
Africa: 37 older people for every 100 children
aging population
an increasing median age in the population due to declining fertility rates/rising life expectancy
e.g. graying of America, graying of Japan
social consequences
impact on family life, providing for elder care
economic consequences
slower economic growth, fewer workers to contribute to the tax base, more people collecting pension benefits, increased health care costs
political consequences
policy responses to counter effects of aging population (pro-natalist policies)
dependency ratio
the comparison in a population of those aged 0-14 and 65+ compared to the rest of the population. Usually told as a number of n:100 where n represents those that are too young or too old to provide for themselves.
pull factors
characteristics that attract a person to a place
push factors
characteristics that make a person want to leave a place
intervening opportunity
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
e.g. finding a higher paying job en route to destination
intervening obstacle
an event or obstacle that discourages people from migrating
e.g. cost, distance, language, laws
genocide
premeditated effort to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, religious group e.g. Rwanda, Holocaust, Cambodia
ethnic cleansing
the effort to rid a country/region of a particular ethnicity either through forced migration or genocide
e.g. former Yugoslavia
forced migration
an individual migrates against his/her will, including events that produce slaves, refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers
slavery
having legal property rights over another human and forcing them to obey
- North Atlantic slave trade
- Indigenous populations
refugee
individuals, protected by law, who cross national boundaries to seek safety from armed conflict or persecution
e.g. race, religion, nationality, political opinion
- Syrians fleeing armed conflict
- Rohingya fleeing religious persecution (Myanmar)
- Afghan fleeing armed conflict
asylum seeker
individuals who flee their home country and applies for protection, but their request for sanctuary has yet to be processed, once processed, they are either given refugee status or refused and returned to their home country
internally displaced person (internal refugee)
individuals who leave their home due to conflict, human rights abuse, war, or environmental catastrophes, but do not leave their country to seek safety
e.g. Syrians fleeing to other parts of Syria
e.g. New Orleans flood victims
voluntary migration
an individual chooses to move, typically based on various push-pull factors
e.g. Europeans to North America
e.g. Americans from the north to the south
transnational migration
migration across national boundaries
internal migration
migration within national boundaries
transhumance
seasonal movement of pastoral nomads who move livestock between summer and winter pasture
chain migration
immigrants who follow family and/or friends to the same destination
step migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages (steps)
i.e. from farm to nearby village, then to a town, then to the city
guest workers
a person with temporary permission to work in another country (e.g. migrant labor)
rural to urban migration
the movement of people from the countryside to the city which causes two things to happen; increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities and expansion of urban areas
