Unit 2 - Vitals/Hygiene/Infection Control

Question 1

Normal Flora

Answer 1

Bacteria residing naturally in the body

Question 2

Infectious agent

Answer 2

Pathogen; enters the host and causes illness

Question 3

Prefix “a-“ means …

Answer 3

Without bacteria

Ex: asepsis

Question 4

Colonization

Answer 4

Strain of microorganism becomes normal flora

Question 5

Asymptomatic Infection

Answer 5

No clinical evidence of disease

Localized cell damage/infection

Question 6

Local infection

Answer 6

Limited to a specific part of body

Question 7

Systemic infection

Answer 7

Infection has spread to different systems from origin site

Question 8

Stages of Chain of infection

Answer 8

Infectious agent
Reservoir 
Portal of exit
Mode of transportation 
Portal of entry
Susceptible host

Question 9

Chain of infection: what are the characteristics of an infectious agent?

Answer 9

Number
Virulence 
Pathogenicity 
Ability to enter
Susceptibility of host
Ability to live and grow in host

Question 10

Chain of infection: how to combat an infectious agent?

Answer 10

Correctly cleaning, disinfecting or sterilizing articles

Educating clients and support persons

Question 11

Chain of infection: what is a reservoir?

Answer 11

Source of the microbes

Ex: blood, tissue, gut, lungs, reproductive tract

Question 12

Chain of infection: how do we break the chain at the reservoir?

Answer 12

Disposal of bodily fluids appropriately

Covering and capping fluid containers

Emptying suction and drainage bottles before they are full

Question 13

Chain of infection: what is a portal of exit?

Answer 13

A way out of the human reservoir

Ez: mouth, nose, anus, wound drainage, tubes, open wounds

Question 14

Chain of infection: how do we fight a portal of exit?

Answer 14

Avoid talking, coughing or sneezing over an open wound/sterile field

Cover mouth/nose when coughing/sneezing

Question 15

Chain of infection: what is transmission?

Answer 15

How microbes get to a receptive portal of entry of a susceptible host

Question 16

Direct contact transmission is …

Answer 16

Transfer via direct contact from person to person

Question 17

Indirect contact transmission is ..

Answer 17

Passive transfer from reservoir to intermediate inanimate object then to recipient

Ex: door handle

Question 18

Droplet transmission is …

Answer 18

Drops of respiratory secretions from coughing, sneezing etc.

Project a short distance and have short hang time

Ex:cough or sneeze

Question 19

Airborne transmission is …

Answer 19

Particles transferred by air current ( therefore harder to isolate; need no circ. of air outside)

Small and have longer hang time

Ex: TB

Question 20

Vehicle borne Transmission is…

Answer 20

Any substance that serves as a means of transporting infection from host to host

Either inanimate material or objects (ice,wood)

Question 21

Vector borne Transmission is …

Answer 21

Animal or insect that serves to transport the illness as an intermediate

Ex: Lyme Disease and ticks

Question 22

Chain of infection: how do we stop transmission?

Answer 22

Teach appropriate hand hygiene, wear gloves and PPE, discard soiled linens properly, dispose of bodily fluids properly, use antiseptics and disinfectant

Question 23

Chain of infection: what is a portal of entry?

Answer 23

How the pathogen gets into host

Break in the skin/membrane, Mucus membrane of the eye, Respiratory tract, Blood steam

Question 24

Chain of infection: how do we fight the portal of entry?

Answer 24

Use sterile technique for invasive procedures and exposing open wounds

Use puncture resistant containers for needles

PPE

Question 25

Chain of infection: what is a susceptible host?

Answer 25

Person at risk of infection Susceptible groups depend on age, heredity, immune status, nutritional status, medication etc.

Question 26

Chain of infection: how do we combat susceptible hosts?

Answer 26

Educate public about importance of immunization Maintain integrity of skin and mucous membranes

Question 27

When should you wash your hands in pt. interaction?

Answer 27

Before you enter Before procedure Contact with bodily fluids After you leave

Question 28

What are the steps of the Nursing Process (5)? AN PIE

Answer 28

``` Assessment Nursing Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation ```

Question 29

What steps can a nurse take to support a pt. defences?

Answer 29

Have good hand hygiene (pt. and nurse) Ensure balanced diet and hydration Mitigate stress Encourage immunization

Question 30

Active immunity

Answer 30

Host produces antibodies in response to natural/artificial antigens

Question 31

Natural active immunity

Answer 31

Antibodies are formed in presence of active infection in the body Lifelong

Question 32

Artificial active immunity

Answer 32

Antigens administered to stimulate antibody formation Reinforced but last many years Ex: immunization

Question 33

Passive immunity

Answer 33

Host receive natural/artificial antibodies from another source

Question 34

Natural passive immunity

Answer 34

Antibodies transferred naturally from an immune mother to a baby through breast placenta Last 6 months

Question 35

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 35

Occurs when immune serum from an animal or another human is injected Last 2-3 weeks

Question 36

Nosocomial infections

Answer 36

Health care infections (MRSA)

Question 37

Reverse isolation

Answer 37

Patients that are immune compromised are put in isolation for their protection

Question 38

Steps nurses must take to ensure isolation rooms are isolated?

Answer 38

Dedicated equipment for that room Disposable equipment and dishes Linens in biohazard bags

Question 39

Steps to taking off PPE 🖍GLadly Give Everyone Mercy

Answer 39

``` Gloves WASH HANDS Gown - top tie first - peel gown away - Turn inside out WASH HANDS Eye Protection - using 1 hand - clean with disinfectant wipe WASH HANDS Mask ```