Unit 2 - Topic 5 - Parasitism - Section D - Defence against Parasitic Attack Flashcards

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1
Q

Immune response in mammals has what two aspects

A

Non-specific and specific aspects

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2
Q

What are examples of non-specific defence

A

Physical barriers, chemical secretions, inflammatory response, phagocytes, and natural killer cells destroying cells infected with viruses

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3
Q

Examples of physical barriers and chemical secretions

A

Epithelial tissue blocks the entry of parasites; hydrolytic enzymes in mucus, saliva and tears destroy bacterial cell walls; low pH environments of the secretions of stomach, vagina and sweat glands denatures cellular proteins of pathogens

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4
Q

Explain the inflammatory response

A

Injured cells release signalling molecules. This results in enhanced blood flow to the site, bringing antimicrobial proteins and phagocytes.

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5
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

Killing of parasites using powerful enzymes contained in lysosomes, by engulfing them and storing them inside a vacuole in the process of phagocytosis.

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6
Q

Explain natural killer cells

A

Natural killer cells can identify and attach to cells infected with viruses, releasing chemicals that lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis

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7
Q

What type of cell constantly circulate and monitor tissues

A

White blood cells

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8
Q

What happens if tissues become damaged or invaded

A

Cells release cytokines that increase blood flow resulting in non-specific and specific white blood cells accumulating at the site of infection or tissue damage

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9
Q

Mammals contain many different what which can potentially recognise a parasite antigen

A

Mammals contain many different lymphocytes, each possessing a receptor on its surface, which can potentially recognise a parasite antigen

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10
Q

What happens when a antigen binds to a lymphocyte’s receptor

A

Binding of an antigen to a lymphocyte’s receptor selects that lymphocyte to then divide and produce a clonal population of this lymphocyte

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11
Q

What do some selected lymphocytes produce

A

Antibodies, others can induce apoptosis in parasite-infected cells

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12
Q

Antibodies posses what and what does this region give antibodies

A

Regions where the amino acid sequence varies greatly between different antibodies. This variable region gives the antibody its specificity for binding antigen

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13
Q

What happens when an antigen binds to this biding site

A

The antigen-antibody complex formed can result in inactivation of the parasite, rendering it susceptible to a phagocyte, or can stimulate a response that results in cell lysis.

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14
Q

What lymphocytes are also formed

A

Memory lymphocytes

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15
Q

How are memory lymphocytes formed

A

Initial antigen exposure produces memory lymphocyte cells specific for that antigen that can produce a secondary response when the same antigen enters the body in the future. When this occurs antibody production is enhanced in terms of speed of production, concentration in blood and duration.

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