Unit 2 - Topic 15 - Microorganisms, Defence Against Disease, Medicine and Drugs Flashcards

Question

What is an antiseptic?

Answer 1

An antiseptic is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms.

Answer 2

A disinfectant is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of pathogenic micro-organisms and is generally toxic to humans. It is used to clean surgical equipment, floors, drains, etc. May be diluted and used as an antiseptic.

Answer 3

Alexander Fleming

Answer 4

Florey and Chain

Answer 5

Early 1940s. Florey and Chain were able to isolate a pure form of penicillin and its large scale production began.

Answer 6

Penicillium

Answer 7

* Stirrer - mixes microbes, nutrients and oxygen. * Cold water jacket. * Control centre for monitoring conditions and sensor. * Sterile air in. * Used air out. * Nutrients out. * Product is collected through the outlet and is then purified (downstreamed).

Answer 8

* Not eating or drinking in the laboratory. * Using disposable gloves and laboratory coats. * Wiping down lab benches with a disinfectant. * Culturing and examining microbes in sealed containers. * Not culturing microbes at body temperature. * Using sterile loops for transferring cultures. * Flaming the necks of culture bottles to prevent contamination. * Sterilising or disposing of all equipment after use. * Washing hands thoroughly after each part of the experiment.

Answer 9

1. Heat the metal loop by passing it through the flame of the Bunsen burner to sterilise it. 2. Allow the metal loop to cool, as if it is too hot it will kill any microbes that it comes into contact with. 3. Remove the lid of the culture bottle and scrape the metal loop gently over the agar. This will ensure that the metal loop has bacteria from the culture bottle over its surface (inoculation). 4. Replace the lid of the culture bottle to prevent contamination. It is advantageous to 'sweep' the neck of the bottle through the flame to destroy any airborne microbes. 5. Spread the microbes over the surface of the agar in the Petri dish by gently scraping the metal loop over the agar surface (plating). (The agar contains nutrients that help the microbes to grow). It is useful to hold the Petri dish lid at an angle rather than completely removing it, as this will reduce the chance of unwanted microbes from the air entering the dish. 6. The metal loop can then be heated again to a high temperature to ensure that any microbes remaining on the loop are destroyed. 7. The Petri dish should be sealed with tape and then incubated in an oven at 25°C. This temperature will allow the microbes to grow and form colonies but is below body temperature, meaning pathogenic microbes that could harm humans will not grow. Note: Instead of using a metal loop it is possible to use sterile disposable plastic loops that do not require heating.

Answer 10

1. Increased levels of hygiene. 2. Greater care and restraint in the administration of antibiotics. 3. Isolating infected patients.

Answer 11

1. Alcohol 2. Nicotine (in cigarettes) 3. Cannabis 4. Cocaine

Answer 12

1. Peer pressure 2. Experimentation 3. Trying to escape from problems

Answer 13

Liver damage

Answer 14

Damage to the foetus including brain damage

Answer 15

1. Violence - many people become aggressive when drinking alcohol. 2. Absence from college or work. 3. Family breakup. 4. Breakdown in relationships. 5. Drink-driving.

Answer 16

When a large amount of alcohol is drunk over a short period of time, for example, on one night out.

Answer 17

Extending the licensing hours.

Answer 18

1. Drink less each time, by drinking low-alcohol drinks or just by drinking more slowly. 2. Drink on fewer occasions, for example, only on special occasions or at weekends. 3. Education - everyone should know how many units make up the recommended maximum weekly limit and about the problems alcohol can cause. 4. Never drink and drive. 5. Do not drink alcohol until you reach the legal age limit.

Answer 19

1. Tar - Causes bronchitis (narrowing of the bronchi and bronchioles). - Emphysema (damage to alveoli that reduces the surface area for gas exchange) - Lung cancer (caused by abnormal cell division in lung cells). 2. Nicotine - Addictive and affects heart rate. 3. Carbon monoxide - Combines with red blood cells to reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Answer 20

Recreational drugs - cannabis and cocaine.

Answer 21

* It is widely used throughout the UK, due to its availability and low cost. * When taking cannabis, people feel relaxed or 'chilled out'. * However, it is possible that taking cannabis can lead to taking other, harder drugs. There is also evidence that cannabis can lead to mental health problems in some people.

Answer 22

* Cocaine can give users a 'high', as it is a stimulant. * It is very addictive. * As its effects are short-lived, users often increase their dose with time. * An overdose can result in death.