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HOA > Unit 2: THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION > Flashcards

Unit 2: THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION Flashcards

1
Q

Porfirio Diaz (P.D.)

A

-Ruled Mexico for 30 years
-Established and maintained a dictatorship limiting political freedoms.
-Encouraged economic development and modernization, attracting foreign investment.
-Economic growth led to significant social disparities, benefiting a small elite.
Land and Labor Issues:
-Unequal land distribution and labor exploitation fueled social unrest.
-Controversial pursuit of reelection triggered opposition and contributed to the revolution.
- Forced to resign in 1911 amidst revolutionary pressures.

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2
Q

Cientificos

A

Diaz’s advisors that believed that the native population was inferior and that they needed to rely on native white and foreigners’ capital to solve Mexico’s problems.

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3
Q

Rurales (Federal Troops)

A
  • created by Porfirio Diaz (rural police force)
  • maintain order, protect property, enforce authority
  • suppress opposition
  • abuses = discontent (one reason for wanting to overthrow P.D.)
  • eventually disbanded
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4
Q

Campesinos

A
  • rural peasants or farmers
  • landlessness, low wages, exploited
  • wanted land reform (redistribution of land)
  • Wanted better working conditions
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5
Q

Peninsulars

A
  • Spanish descent/born in Spain living in Mexico
  • top of social hierarchy
  • another reason for discontent
  • wealthy landowners/controlled haciendas
  • exploited labor of indigenous
  • Many lost privileges after the Mexican Revolution
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6
Q

Criollo

A

-pure or mostly Spanish descent born in Mexico
- lower social status than peninsulares but still more privileged than mestizos/indigenous
- excluded from political/economic power
- Porfiriato made them elite
- some joined revolution others resisted

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7
Q

Mestizos

A
  • A person of mixed race, especially of a Spaniard and indigenous
  • limited access to poltical/economic resources
  • landless, low wages, exploited by laborers
  • Appealed to Emiliano Zapata with agrarian reform
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8
Q

Madero/Maderistas

A
  • President 1911
  • Madero not meeting “expectations”
  • La Decena Trágica
  • democratic reforms
  • against reelection
  • Plan de San Luis Potosí
  • rebellion against the Porfiriato
  • Assasinated in 1913
  • Intial Phase of the Mexican Revolution
    Maderistas:
  • supporters of Madero
  • Pressure = Diaz Resigning
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9
Q

Zapata/Zapatistas

A
  • advocated for agrarian reform and rights of peasants
  • Demanded for the redistribution of land and the return of communal land to indigenous communities
  • Plan of Ayala
  • worked alongside others
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10
Q

Huerta

A
  • general
  • under Porfirio Diaz and Francisco Madero
  • Role in removing Madero from office
  • organized a coup against madero
  • 1913 President
  • Suppressed opposition
  • opposition from Zapata/Carranza
  • US disapproved his power
  • Woodrow Wilson undermined his Presidency
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11
Q

Felix Diaz

A
  • P.D. Nephew
  • Role in removing Madero
  • Conservative Forces: Huerta
  • Aimed to assume presidency
  • Opposition from Zapata and Carranza
  • Exiled
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12
Q

Bernardo Reyes

A
  • General during Porfiriato
  • maintain order / suppress opposition
  • role in the coup for the removal of Madero
  • allies : Porfirio Diaz And Felix Diaz
  • opposition from Zapata and Carranza
  • Died in 1913
  • tried to reinstall a conservative regime
  • resisted revolutionary changes
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13
Q

Carranza

A
  • Against Diaz but at first supported him
  • Carranza joined Madero in the revolutionary forces
  • Role in organizing revolutionary efforts against Diaz, and Huerta
  • President in 1917
  • Drafting the 1917 Constitution
  • 1920 forced to flee Mexico
  • captured and executed
  • Democratic / constitutional gov’t
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14
Q

Constitutionalists

A
  • Led by Carranza and obregon
  • advocated for constitutional principles, democratic government
  • restore and uphold the Mexican Constitution
  • Addressed social/economic issues
  • Implementation of 1917 constitution
  • land reform, labor rights, foreign ownership restrictions
  • conflicts with Villa and Zapata
  • redistribution of land to peasants (ejidos)
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15
Q

Obregón

A
  • Initially for Madero
  • switched and joined forces with Carranza
  • Constitutionalist
  • Defeated Villa forces
  • Agua Prieta Plan
  • stable political order
  • 1920 president
  • social and agrarian reforms
  • modernize mexicos infrastructure (economic development )
  • foreign investors while maintaining national control over key industries
  • relection in 1928 - violated 1917 principles
  • Cristero revolt
  • assasinated
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16
Q

Conventionalists

A
  • Faction during the Mexican Revolution opposing revolutionary changes
  • Led by Victoriano Huerta and other conservative figures.
  • Sought to maintain traditional power structures and resist radical reforms.
  • Fought against revolutionary
  • Ultimately defeated
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17
Q

Caudillos

A
  • Military strongmen or political leaders with significant regional influence.
  • Often emerged during times of political instability, leading armed factions.
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18
Q

Calles

A
  • Mexican president (1924-1928) and influential political figure.
  • Implemented anti-clerical and secular policies known as the Calles Laws, limiting the power of the Catholic Church.
  • Informal period of continued influence after his presidency (1928-1934), known as the Maximato.
  • Played a role in the founding of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in 1929.
  • Initiated land reforms, redistributing large estates to peasants.
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19
Q

CROM

A

Created under Obregon in 1918. He believed that labor organization was important to stabilizing capitalist relations.
- Advocated for workers’ rights, better wages, and improved working conditions.
- Initially led by Luis Morones, who later became a key political figure.

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20
Q

Maximato

A
  • continued political influence of Calles after his presidency.
  • control over succeeding presidents without holding the formal office.
  • Shaped policies and decisions, through puppet presidents
  • Cárdenas in 1934, broke away from Calles’ influence.
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21
Q

Hacendados

A
  • Wealthy landowners
  • owned large estates (haciendas) and influence in rural areas
  • Controlled agricultural production and had economic dominance.
  • Contributed to social inequality, with peasants often working on haciendas under exploitative conditions.
  • Targeted by revolutionary movements like that of Emiliano Zapata, advocating for land reform and redistribution.
22
Q

Orozco

A
  • Initially supported Francisco Madero but later turned against him.
  • Not named minister of war
  • Frustrated with the lack of social reforms by Madero.
  • Led armed uprisings against the government, contributing to revolutionary conflicts.
  • Briefly allied with Victoriano Huerta, contributing to the counter-revolutionary forces.
  • Eventually turned against Huerta and joined forces with revolutionary leaders like Pancho Villa.
  • Assassinated in 1915
  • victory in cuidad Juarez with Villa against Maderos orders
  • Cuidad Juarez Victory forced Diaz to resign
  • orignally with Madero/suppressed revolts against Madero
23
Q

Pancho Villa

A
  • Zapata and Villa hate Huerta so they fight with Carranza and Obregon against Huerta
  • Led the Division of the North
  • Advocated for agrarian reforms and the redistribution of land to peasants
  • Employed guerrilla warfare tactics, including swift and strategic attacks.
  • Involved in conflicts with U.S. forces
  • Cuidad Juarez Victory with Orozco
  • wilson admin to capture villa
  • After the revolution, Villa retired from politics but was later assassinated in 1923.
  • Military leader
  • Initially supported Francisco Madero against Porfirio Díaz but later turned against him, expressing dissatisfaction with the direction of the revolution.
  • symbol of the revolutionary struggles, complexities and contradictions of the era.
  • Villa and Huerta Dislike one another
  • Madero names Huerta minister of war = disloyal to Madero from Villa
24
Q

Fransisco Leon de la Barra

A
  • Mexican diplomat and politician.
  • Served as interim president of Mexico from May to November 1911, succeeding Porfirio Díaz.
  • Oversaw a transitional period after Díaz’s resignation, preceding the presidency of Francisco Madero.
  • Mexico ambassador to the US
  • maderos rise to power negotiation key role
25
Q

Cristeros

A

It was a revolt against the government led by the Catholic Church after the 1917 Constitution
- Anti-Catholic legislation that restricted the Church’s influence, leading to resistance.
- Fought for religious freedom and the rights of the Catholic Church.
- National League of Religious Defense

26
Q

Cardenas

A

President of Mexico
- Implemented significant agrarian reforms, redistributing land to peasants.
- Nationalized the oil industry in 1938, asserting state control over oil resources.
- Initiated education and healthcare programs, prioritizing social welfare.
- Advocated for indigenous rights and cultural recognition.

27
Q

Soldaderas

A
  • Women who participated in various roles during the Mexican Revolution.
  • Engaged in combat, provided medical support and fulfilled roles with husbands/
  • Symbolized the resilience and strength of women in the face of war and social upheaval.
  • Faced challenges such as discrimination, exploitation, and the harsh realities of warfare.
  • Contributed to changes in societal perceptions of women’s roles and paved the way for increased political participation.
27
Q

El Porfiriato

A
  • long rule of Porfirio Díaz in Mexico.
  • Implemented economic policies to modernize Mexico, attracting foreign investment and stimulating economic growth.
  • Economic development led to significant social disparities, benefiting a small elite.
  • Unequal land distribution and labor exploitation fueled social unrest.
  • Controversial pursuit of reelection triggered opposition and contributed to the Mexican Revolution.
28
Q

Mining and Oil Industries

A

Historical Significance:
- Key in colonial and post-independence economies.
Foreign Investment:
- Significant foreign involvement, especially from the U.S.
Labor Conditions:
- Poor conditions and limited labor rights for miners.
Oil Industry:
Nationalization (1938):
- President Cárdenas nationalized the oil industry.
Economic Impact:
- Oil revenue contributed to economic development.
Social Programs:
- Oil revenue funded social initiatives.
Legacy:
- Symbol of Mexican control over natural resources.

29
Q

Plan de San Luis Potosi

A

Highlighted inequalities in Mexico and put forward a plan for how to make
positive changes
1) democracy
2) fair elections
3) the removal of Diaz and the científicos from office
4) the restoration of indigenous land holdings (“ejidos”)
5) dealing with economic inequalities in Mexico
6) no re-election of government officials
7) that government should listen to the will of the people
8) that the 1910 elections should be considered null and void, as Diaz rigged them
9) Madero becoming the president
10) Mexicans picking up their weapons to fight on Nov, 20, 1910

30
Q

Plan of Ayala

A

Written by Emiliano Zapata in November 1911 in response to Madero’s Plan de San Luis. It denounced Madero and calls for land reform
- Rejected Madero’s government
- need for social justice, land redistribution, and the protection of the rights of peasants.
- The Plan of Ayala served as a rallying cry for Zapata’s forces, who continued their armed struggle against the government.

31
Q

Treaty of Ciudad Juarez

A

-Francisco Madero, representing the revolutionary forces, and Porfirio Díaz, the then-President of Mexico.
- The treaty called for the resignation of Porfirio Díaz and established a provisional presidency for Francisco Madero.
- Díaz agreed to go into exile, bringing an end to his long-standing rule.

32
Q

La Decena tragica

A
  • Francisco Madero was the President of Mexico, but his presidency faced opposition, including from Victoriano Huerta, who served as the head of the army.
  • The conflict began with the rebellion of conservative and anti-Maderista forces, including elements of the military.
  • Madero appointed Huerta as the head of the army to quell the rebellion, but Huerta betrayed Madero and joined the opposition.
  • Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez were arrested.
  • Victoriano Huerta assumed the presidency after orchestrating the coup.
33
Q

Pact of the Embassy

A
  • Henry Lane Wilson, representing the interests of Victoriano Huerta,
  • leaders of the revolutionary factions, including Venustiano Carranza, Francisco Madero, and Emiliano Zapata
  • The pact was a response to the power struggle and conflicts following the ousting of President Francisco Madero and the installation of Victoriano Huerta in 1913.
  • Agreed to a ceasefire and a temporary truce among the revolutionary factions.
  • The pact had limited success in bringing a lasting peace, as conflicts persisted, and factions continued to vie for power.
34
Q

Aguascalientes Convention

A
  • Held in the city of Aguascalientes, Mexico, from October 1 to November 9, 1914.
  • Representatives from various revolutionary factions attended, including those led by Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa, and Venustiano Carranza.
  • Aimed to unite the different revolutionary forces and establish a unified front against the regime of Victoriano Huerta.
  • Decided not to recognize Huerta’s government and called for his resignation.
  • The Aguascalientes Convention failed to achieve a lasting unity among revolutionary factions, contributing to continued internal conflicts during the revolution.
35
Q

Constitution and the amendments

A

Presidential Term Limits (1934):
- Amendment limited the president to a single six-year term, addressing concerns of prolonged executive power.
Labor Rights (1970s):
- Amendments strengthened workers’ rights and addressed issues such as profit-sharing and collective bargaining.
Indigenous Rights (1992):
- Recognized the rights of Indigenous peoples and their communities, including autonomy over their internal affairs.
Electoral Reforms (1996):
- Amendments aimed to enhance the transparency and fairness of the electoral process.
Human Rights (2011):
- Amendments strengthened constitutional protections for human rights.

36
Q

Cristero Rebellion

A

Armed uprisings that took place in Mexico from 1926 to 1929. The conflict emerged in response to the anti-Catholic policies implemented by the government of President Calles, including the Calles Laws that restricted the influence and activities of the Catholic Church.

37
Q

National League of Religious Defense

A
  • Founded in 1925 as a response to the enforcement of anti-Catholic laws, particularly the Calles Laws.
  • Advocated for the defense of religious freedom and the rights of the Catholic Church against perceived government persecution.
  • Played a crucial role in supporting and organizing the Cristero rebellion, providing leadership and coordination for the Catholic forces.
  • Involved in negotiations that led to a diplomatic resolution in 1929, ending the Cristero War and easing some of the anti-Catholic measures.
38
Q

Calle Laws - Examples

A
  • Prohibition of public religious ceremonies and processions outside church buildings.
  • Ban on the wearing of religious attire in public by the clergy.
  • Regulation and control of the administration and finances of churches by the state.
  • Restriction of religious education, including limitations on the ability of the Church to provide education.
  • Prohibition of foreign-born clergy from serving in Mexico.
39
Q

La encomienda

A
  • A system of labor and tribute used during the Spanish colonization of the Americas
  • Originally intended to reward Spanish conquistadors with the labor and tribute of Indigenous peoples.
  • Spanish crown granted the right to extract forced labor and tribute from a specific Indigenous community to an encomendero (holder of the encomienda).
  • Often abused, leading to harsh exploitation and mistreatment of Indigenous populations.
  • Formed the economic basis for Spanish colonialism, especially in the extraction of resources.
40
Q

Ejidos

A
  • Ejidos are communal lands in Mexico, often used for agriculture, that are collectively owned by a rural community or village.
    -During the Mexican Revolution (early 20th century), land reform was a key issue, and the ejido system was formalized as a way to address social and economic inequalities.
  • The Ejido system was enshrined in the Mexican Constitution of 1917 as part of broader agrarian reforms. It aimed to distribute land more equitably among the rural population.
41
Q

Bucareli Agreement

A

The agreement stated that Article 27 was not retroactive. This caused the US to recognize Obregon’s presidency.

42
Q

Cardnismo

A

Leader:
* Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940).
Reforms:
* Agrarian and labor reforms.
Nationalization:
* Nationalized oil industry in 1938.
Social Initiatives:
* Education, healthcare, and indigenous rights.

43
Q

How did Diaz’s presidency lead to the Mexican Revolution?

A
  • 30-year rule stifled political participation.
    • Modernization favored the elite, creating inequality.
    • Unequal land distribution and labor exploitation fueled discontent.
    • Díaz’s pursuit of reelection triggered opposition.
    • Dissatisfaction and dissent spread.
    • Francisco Madero’s 1910 plan ignited the revolution.
44
Q

What were the objectives of the revolution?

A
  • Overthrow Porfirio Díaz’s dictatorship.
    • Advocate for agrarian reform and land redistribution.
    • Improve labor rights and working conditions.
    • Establish democratic governance.
    • Restore constitutional principles.
    • Reduce foreign influence and exploitation.
45
Q

How did the different personalities of the Revolution work together and/or clash throughout the revolution?

A

Collaboration:
* Madero & Zapata: United against Díaz.
* Carranza & Obregón: Aligned within the Constitutionalist faction.
Conflict:
* Madero & Orozco: Orozco turned against Madero.
* Carranza & Villa/Zapata: Ideological and power struggles.
* Zapata & Villa: Tensions over goals and leadership.
Shifting Alliances:
* Obregón: Adapted to changing alliances.
* Aguascalientes Convention: Attempted unity with conflicts.
Post-Revolution:
* Carranza & Obregón: Conflict over authoritarian rule.
* Obregón & Calles: Collaborated for post-revolutionary stability.

46
Q

How did the farmers and laborers compare and contrast in their stance/role and/or clash throughout the revolution

A
  1. Farmers (Campesinos):
    Common Stances:
    -Demanded radical land reform.
    -Opposed hacendados and sought local autonomy.
    -Engaged in armed struggle for agrarian rights.
    Roles:
    -Fought against oppressive landowners.
    -Advocated for social justice beyond agrarian reform.
    - Aligned with specific revolutionary factions.
  2. Laborers
    Common Stances:
    -Sought improved working conditions and fair wages.
    -Opposed exploitative labor practices.
    -Desired political empowerment.
    Roles:
    - Advocated for labor rights.
    -Opposed both domestic and foreign exploitation.
    -Aspired for representation in the revolutionary process.
47
Q

What were the specifics of the different plans and the constitution?

A

Plans of the Mexican Revolution:
1. Plan of San Luis Potosí (1910 - Francisco Madero):
Called for Díaz’s overthrow and free elections.
Advocated for land reform and social justice.
2. Plan of Ayala (1911 - Emiliano Zapata):
Focused on agrarian reform and land redistribution.
Rejected Madero’s authority.
3. Plan of Guadalupe (1913 - Venustiano Carranza):
Declared Huerta’s government illegitimate.
Called for the restoration of constitutional order.
5. Convention of Aguascalientes (1914):
Attempted unity among revolutionary factions.
Ended in internal conflicts.
6. 1917 Constitution of Mexico:
General Principles:
Drafted during Carranza’s presidency.
Emphasized individual and labor rights.
Established a federal republic with a division of powers.

48
Q

What role did women play in the revolution?

A
  • soldiers, nurses. some were leaders
    -nursed wounded soldiers
  • “soldaderas,” cooking, washing clothes, and marching alongside the men, often carrying the children
  • Some fought on the battle field
  • ## some dressed as men and led combats
49
Q

Who deserves the title of “Father of the Mexican Revolution”?

A
  1. Madero:
    Role: Initiated the revolution with the Plan of San Luis Potosí in 1910, calling for the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz.
    Contribution: Madero’s call to arms triggered the initial phase of the revolution, leading to the ousting of Díaz in 1911. However, his presidency faced challenges, and he was later assassinated in 1913. 2. Zapata:
    Role: Championed agrarian reform and the rights of peasants, particularly in the southern state of Morelos.
    Contribution: The Zapatista movement under Zapata’s leadership focused on land redistribution and social justice, influencing the agrarian dimension of the revolution.
  2. Villa (Pancho Villa):
    Role: Led the Division of the North and played a key role in military campaigns against counter-revolutionary forces.
    Contribution: Villa’s military successes contributed to the revolutionary cause, and his forces played a crucial role in various battles.
  3. Venustiano Carranza:
    Role: Initially aligned with Madero, Carranza became a central figure in the Constitutionalist faction.
    Contribution: Carranza played a key role in unifying revolutionary forces, and his presidency marked a transitional period in post-revolutionary Mexico.
  4. Álvaro Obregón:
    Role: A skilled military commander and leader within the Constitutionalist forces.
    Contribution: Obregón’s military successes, particularly at the Battle of Celaya, were instrumental in stabilizing the Carranza government.
50
Q

Analyze the causes of the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

A

-Porfirian Dictatorship
Lack of democratic representation
- Social inequality (indigenous/Mestizos)
Peasants with economic exploitation and limited opportunities vs the wealthy hacienda owners
- Land reform
Unequal land distribution, haciendas, peasants landless, poverty
- Labor Exploitation
Lack of labor rights, poor working conditions social discontent
- Economic modernization
Foreign investment only beneficial to the elite
- Foreign Interference
In Mexican affairs
Foreign companies controlling key industries / resources

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