Unit 2 The American Revolution Flashcards
Paul Revere
American silversmith
Patriot
Alerting the colonial militia of the British forces approaching before the battles of Lexington and Concord
John Locke
English philosopher and physician
Enlightenment thinker- influenced the American Revolutionaries
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Philosopher- influenced the Enlightenment and French Revolution
Writer
Composer
Influenced development of the modern political and educational thought
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
Those who took the law into their hands
Cried “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps.”
Enforced nonimportation agreements against violators
Coat of tar and feathers
Patriots tormented them
Mercy Otis Warren
Political writer
Propagandist of the American Revolution
Published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in Massachusetts and urged colonists to resist British influences on colonial rights
Chief Little Turtle and the Western Confederacy
Chief of the Miami people
Native American military leader
Serval victories against the US forces during Northwest Indian wars
Defeated General St. Clair, that was considered the most decisive loss for the US
Iroquois Confederation
Iroquois divided into separate groups all under one main authority
Joined the British
Believed British winning would prevent Americans from migrating westward
Took over areas of backcountry until approached by American forces
Forced to sign Treaty of Fort Stanwix between the Americans, which ceded their land
French and Indian War
Fourth Anglo-French colonial war
Began in America
Fought for 2 years then lead into the Seven Years War
Indians and French fought Britain for equal rights and trying to protect their land/culture
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
Wanted a greater colonial unity Bolster the defense against France Colonial home rule- control themselves Benjamin Franklin Colonists believed it did not give enough independence
Peace of Paris (1763)
Three American negotiations: aging but astute Benjamin Franklin, John Adams (New England interests), and John Jay (Old World fanatic)
Instructions from Congress to make no separate peace and consult with French allies
John Jay believed France was gonna betray America to satisfy Spain; secretly made plans with London
salutary neglect
British policy of preventing strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England
Whigs
Opposition factions in Britain
Those who opposed the British government, Radicals
Parliament
Legislative body in any obvious other countries
Meetings for conference in public or national affairs
Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
The Treaty of Paris caused the removal of Spanians from Florida and French from Canada
Indians were deprived of their diplomatic weapon, play off european powers against each other
Indians being aided by french traders, campaign to drive British out
Took over all 3 Britain posts killing 2,000
Proclamation of 1763
Prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians
Solve the problem with the Indians and prevent another confrontation
Colonists felt oppressed
Sugar Act (1764)
First law passed for raising tax
Increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from West Indies
Colonists protested for taxes to be lowered
Quartering Act (1765)
Certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops
Stamp Act (1765)
Use of stamped paper or affixing of stamps certified payment of tax
Stamps were required on bills of sale for about 50 items
Support military forces
Stamp Act Congress
27 delegates brought together from 9 colonies to discuss colonists view of the Stamp Act
Ignored in England
Declaratory Act (1766)
Parliaments right to bind colonies in all cases
Colonists drew a line stating they want sovereignty of their own and would do anything to secure it
Statue of King George was melted into bullets to fire at British troops
Townshend Acts (1767)
Light import on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea
Distinction between internal and eternal taxes, more payable at american ports
Pay the salaries of royal governors and judges
Colonists felt enchained once again
writs of assistance
Written order issued by a court instructing a law enforcement official to perform certain tasks (tax collector or sheriff)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Colonists disliked how the soldiers acted, drunk
Felt that they were not really protecting the people
Disliked how the government forced the people to basically take care of the soldiers, taxes and allow them in their homes
Protesting the government
Colonists were throwing rocks at the soldiers provoking them to shoot
Soldiers killed/injured 11 people
Gaspee incident
British customs schooner involved in anti-smuggling operations, ran aground in shallow water in the boat Hannah
Abraham Whipple and John Brown led a group of men to attack and torch his hip
Committees of Correspondence
Samuel Adams, first one in Massachusetts
Spread the spirit of resistance by sending letters and keep alive opposition to the British policy
80 towns in the colony set up similar organizations soon after the first one
Tea Act (1773)
British East India Company had 17 million pounds of unsold tea
Facing bankruptcy, if collapsed the London government would lose ta revenue
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Colonists disliked the amount of tax put on tea
Colonists disguised themselves, Indians, and snuck onto the ship
Dumped tea into the Harbor
Intolerable Acts
Chartered rights were restricted
“Massacre of American Liberty”
First Continental Congress (1774)
Met in Massachusetts
Congress put together to discuss the grievances of the colonists from the colonies by the people
55 delegates
12 out of 13 colonies
Minutemen
Warriors believed to be able to be dressed for battle within 60 seconds
Lexington and Concord
British commander sent troops to steal gunpowder and capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock
Minute men refused to fight
8 killed Americans and numerous injured
Redcoats retreated from the Americans in Concord
Britain regained sanctuary in Boston to count casualties
Began a war
Battle of Bunker Hill
Colonists seized a hill and blundered a frontal attack with 3,000 men
American sharpshooters killed 1,500 redcoats
Colonists gunpowder gave out and were forced to retreat
Prohibitory Act (1775)
Retaliation by Britain against the general rebellion going on in the American colonies
American Revolution- naval blockades against American ports
Olive Branch Petition
Professing American loyalty to the crown
Continental Congress adopted
King refused all reconciliation, confirmed colonies in rebellion
Hired german troops to rid of rebellion subjects, knowing of their reputation
6 German princes
Second Continental Congress (1775)
Met in Philadelphia
All 13 colonies represented
Fighting in hope that the king and Parliament would consent in grievances of the colonists
Patriots
Those who fought against the British government
Rebelled
Set up assemblies
Protested
Loyalists (Tories)
Those who are loyal to the king/government
Tories- powerful political factions in Britain
Loyalists were banished, imprisoned, tortured by radicals
Excluded from society, acknowledged as if they were not Americans too
Battle of Saratoga
Burgoyne was heading north of Albany when American men surrounded him
British army was trapped once General Arnold was shot in the leg
Americans forced Burgoyne to surrender his whole command to General Horatio Gates
absolute monarch
Government which the monarch has absolute power amongst the people
Unrestricted political power over the state and people
Battle of Yorktown
British was known to control the sea
France developed and decided to join the Americans
George Washington, america, marched for 3,000 miles, besetting the British on land
French blockaded them, providing mainly sea power
Surrounded the British and forced them surrender
Treaty of Paris (1783)
British recognized The United States independence
Granted generous boundaries
Americans promised to stop prosecuting loyalists, restore their land
British vowed to put no lawful obstacle to prevent collection of debts
Articles of Confederation
Congress appointed those to draft a written constitution for the new nation
13 independent states were jointed together
No executive branch
unicameral legislature
Practice of having one legislative or parliamentary house
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Judicious compromise- temporary tutelage, parliament equality
2 evolutionary territorial stages
Territory inhabitant of 60,000 is summited as a state, same privileges of the charter members
Coercive Acts (1774)
Series of 4 acts established by the British government
Restore order in Massachusetts and punish colonists for the Boston Tea Party
Quebec Act (1774)
How to administer the conquered French subjects in Canada
Guaranteed the French their catholic religion
Permitted to retain old customs, except representative assembly or trial by jury
Enlightenment
Age of Reason
Cultural and intellectual forces emphasized reason, analysis, and individualism than traditional lines of authority
Deism
Reason than revelation
Science than the bible
Believed in a supreme being who created a universe and endowed human beings with a moral behavior capacity
rationalism
Opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge than religious beliefs or emotional response
Anti-Federalists
Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee
Consisted of the lower classes
Believed Constitution to be a plot to revolt power from the people
Government should be ran under one branch, legislative
Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights; amendments
Gave the colonists freedom they desired and fought for Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of press Right to bear arms and try by a jury Right to assemble and petition Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment Arbitrary government seizure of private property
legislative branch
Branch that decides what matters most that affects the empire
Constitutional Convention
Annapolis, Maryland
5 states represented
Control of commerce
Congress summon a meeting to deal with commerce and all the details of the Articles of Confederation
checks and balances
System used to keep the government from getting too powerful in one branch
Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan
Virginia- representation in both bicameral Congress houses should be based on population (give larger state the advantage)
New Jersey- equal representation in a unicameral congress by states regardless of population/size
Smaller states feared larger states would band together and lord it, under Virginias plan
Great Compromise
Larger states were conceded representation by population in House of Representatives
Smaller states were given equal representation in Senate
Shays’ Rebellion
Rebellion on how the government was not paying soldiers their debt
Government were trying to take away farm lands
Struggling to receive money to pay colonists, could not tax colonists more
Daniel Shay started inspired colonists to stand up to The British Government
Three-fifths Compromise; slave trade
Slaves counted as three-fifths of a person
electoral college system
Founding fathers established in the Constitution as a compromise between election of Prediendsy by a vote in congress or election of Prediendsy by a popular vote of qualified citizens
Federalists
Those who believed the government should be run under three branches
Executive
Judiciary
Legislative
So not one person controls everything, embedding doctrine of self-rule
March of the Paxton Boys
Protesting the Quaker oligarchy lenient policy toward the Indians
No support for any government that uprooted them then lorded over them, British government
Patrick Henry
Antifederalist
Declined to serve as a delegate from Virginia
Believed that Constitution was a scheme to steal power back from the people
Economy should be ran under a single government authority
Part of the First Continental Congress to discuss colonial grievances (after Intolerable Acts)
