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Grade 12 Religion > Unit 2 Test (Sofia Notes) > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test (Sofia Notes) Flashcards

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1
Q

Human dignity

A
  • who we are independent of how we behave
  • Catholic view: we are made in the likeness of God so we all deserve a basic level of respect
  • I.e Preferential option for the poor (social, wealth, health, spirit)(vulnerable)
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2
Q

Dignified

A

Viewed as prestigious/honourable but in reality is being worthy of respect

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3
Q

Love

A
  • a choice, independent of feeling
  • Tested by if we uphold our principles towards the people we don’t like/when we don’t feel like it
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4
Q

Prayer

A
  • Present in all faith traditions i.e meditation/setting an intention, individual and in groups
  • All have a desire/petition greater than ourselves
  • Taps into a power that resides in us and outside of ourselves
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5
Q

Morals

A
  • moralitas, latin for customs/manners→ actions that reflect our ethics/the ways to attain goodness
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6
Q

Ethics

A
  • ta ethika, greek for good character→ our beliefs of right and wrong/what good people do
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7
Q

Aristotle

A
  • Student of Plato, teacher of logic/astronomy/philosophy
  • Believed Plato focused to much on ethics over morals
  • Explored the natural world within philosophy
  • Accused of not respecting the Gods and fled, was rediscovered by Thomas Aquinas
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8
Q

Aristotle’s beliefs about Essence/Happiness

A
  • Everything had a unique essence
  • Human essence= reason (knowledge) and love (compassion= to suffer with)
  • Every human has the goal of being happy
  • Temporary sources of happiness are pleasures (career/stuff etc.)
  • Permanent happiness comes from knowledge/compassion
  • Other people are necessary for us to be good to ourselves
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9
Q

Aristotles Beliefs in Habit

A
  • Intention < action
  • You are what you repeatedly do/creatures of habit
  • We act according to our habits in moral stress
  • Every habit began with a choice
  • Habit in extreme is an addiction (dehumanizing)
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10
Q

Aristotle Theories (3)

A
  • Polis: democratic idea that we have a right/responsibility to our community
  • Teleology: to act ethically is to engage our capacity to reason as we develop good character
  • Doctrine of the Mean: Belief that the good lies in the middle ground (between pleasure and happiness)
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11
Q

What did Christianity turn into?

A
  • Eastern Orthodox and Western Roman Catholic
  • Both were in excommunication
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12
Q

What did Western Roman Catholic Turn into after the Protestant Reformation?

A

Roman Catholic and Protestants

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13
Q

Types of Protestant

A
  • Presbyterian
  • Anglcan
  • Lutheran
  • Baptist
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14
Q

Puritan Sects: Mormon, Quakers, Amish
CALLED DUALISM

A
  • Obedience to God
  • Happiness is in Heaven
  • Earth should be hard
  • Distrustful of technology
  • Dualistic (earth/body & soul/God)
  • earth=domain of the devil
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15
Q

Kant

A
  • Raised in Puritism/ tries to walk the line between Philosophy and his religion
  • Seeked to determine the criteria for what is good
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16
Q

Kant Believed…

A
  • The only pure good human thing is intention
  • Our actions are slightly less pure than our intentions
  • Intention is not pure if we do not act on our good intentions
  • We must be good outside of out comfort zone to be good people (not exercise moral laziness)
  • If we can conceive something, it must exist somewhere (God)
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17
Q

Kant’s Ethics (3)

A
  1. God: we cannot achieve supreme good without God (perfection)
  2. Freedom: we have to do what we can do, to have duty we must have a choice
  3. Immortality: there is a life beyond where we can achieve supreme good
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18
Q

Teleological

A

Aristotle’s ethics→ setting a goal then planning how to get there

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19
Q

Deontological

A

Kant’s ethics→ we have duties and obligations in our roles as people that we must withhold to a slightly uncomfortable degree

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20
Q

Maxims (Kant)

A
  • principles that are objective and indefinite
    1. Never act in such a way that you would not want to become universal law
    2. Treat others always as an end and never as a means (except for services as there is a mutual intention)
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21
Q

Levinas

A
  • Not religious for most of his life
  • Became religious post WWII after surviving the holocaust/war camp
  • Believed categories dehumanized people
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22
Q

Ethics of the eye/face
Believed:

A
  • The only thing we know about another person is that they are not us
  • Other→ superior to self, does for me what I cannot do for myself
  • Uniqueness can be found in the eye (the only body part that could not be manipulated)
  • When we look into the eyes of another, we see their plea, not to hurt them/love them and if were good people the only response is to love them back
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23
Q

Levinas Believes

A
  • We all have a piece of the divine in us
  • Our unique humanity is our divinity
  • We cannot see our divinity
  • Singularity of things vs Aristotle who believed in sameness
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24
Q

Agency

A

ability to foresee the consequence of an action and be held accountable for those consequences

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25
Q

Who are examples of Nonagents

A
  • Children
  • Mental Incapacity
  • Disabilities
26
Q

Agent

A

a person who acts freely and knowingly, who chooses to do or not do something and who is accountable

27
Q

Human Actions

A
  • make us human
  • give us our identity, constructed by what we think/say/do as well as by what we undergo
  • most important building blocks of who we are and become
  • actions are dependent on the actor
  • for every action there is an agent
28
Q

Freedom

A
  • human potential, the capacity/power to act
  • action is the realization of that power
  • when one uses their freedoms they can create change/intervention
29
Q

Analytic Philosophy

A
  • examines the language we use to communicate our actions and explores what constitutes a meaningful action
  • 1920’s, logical positivists
  • believed physics was the only real science
  • Believed only things that could be proved through senses were true
  • Didn’t understand free will because it could not be seen
30
Q

Paul Ricoeur

A
  • 1913, raised in a socialist, devout Christian Reform home
  • Philosopher teacher, French veteran, prolific writer
  • The war led him to become a Pacifist and join a Christian socialist community
  • Wrote about peace/violence/power/communism/human rights and politics
  • Wrote Freedom and nature that reflects on how humans make decisions and how actions affect the self
  • Other book themes= language and impact of humans
31
Q

Who? The Agent

A
  • The agent makes an action
  • Each person has the capacity to act
  • Humans have intention in doing things (intending self)
  • When you act, you will do this rather do ____ than all your other options
  • Free choice: you are responsible for what you do and what you intend
  • By intending to do certain things, you also reshape who you are.
32
Q

Why? The motive

A
  • Reason for action
  • Every action is motivated by something
  • Motives justify actions, can be underlying and unconscious when making a decision
  • Ethics are the values behind our motives
33
Q

How? With What means

A
  • How you carry out an action indicates something about you
  • Bad actions done with good intentions affect the goodness of the action overall
  • The end does not justify the mean, the means qualify the action
34
Q

Under what circumstances?

A
  • Circumstances have an impact on your actions
  • Every action has its aggravating or miti-gating circumstances.
  • Circumstances affect how much the action is yours
  • May reduce, or increase, your responsibility
  • Circumstances must always be accounted for in evaluating actions.
35
Q

With What Outcome?

A

The outcome of your actions affect the self whether intended or not

36
Q

With or against whom

A
  • When you justify your actions with a motive, you seek the approval, or seek to prevent the disapproval, of someone.
  • You learn to evaluate your actions by evaluating the actions of others.
  • Every action is also an interaction.
37
Q

Naturalism: belief that…

A
  • freedom is an illusion
  • decisions are natural choices based on our genetic makeup and in alignment with hox genes
38
Q

Social Determinism

A
  • No freedom
  • Actions are a result of upbringing
39
Q

Religious Determinism

A
  • We act how God made us
  • No free will → predeterminism
40
Q

Hox genes

A

genes identical across species, requires promoters that turn on the gene or not

41
Q

Predestination

A

no control over going to heaven/hell/other

42
Q

Providence

A
  • God gives us strengths/weaknesses, talents/challenges (gifts to guide us) and with that paths that will make us more or less happy
  • We have the choice to follow or not follow, but God will nudge us towards the happy path
  • If we go against the path we will experience consequences but not judgements of being out of alignment
43
Q

Narcissism

A
  • Trait where one is self-focused
  • Peaks in adolescence
  • Believed to be an evolutionary strategy to secure partners
  • In extreme cases, relates to machiavellianism/psychopathy
  • Could be a result of rejection/inconsistency in childhood
44
Q

Narcissist traits

A
  • Attractive, exciting & entertaining
  • High self-esteem/entitlement/vanity
  • Manipulative/aggressive
45
Q

Narcisistic Behaviours

A
  • Crave attention (i.e reality tv, bragging) and power (relationship dynamics *more likely to cheat if they know there partner is invested)
  • Cursing/arguing
  • Searching for a better deal
  • Go between social contexts and maintain weak ties to others
46
Q

Narcissistic Men

A
  • Attract dramatic women and women with saviour complexes
  • Place emphasis on the looks of their partner
  • Seek out wingmen
47
Q

Narcissistic Woman

A
  • Dress provocatively
  • Seeks higher-status male friends
  • Both male/female relationships with narcissist frustrate partners but more men seek out short relationships (don’t care as much)
48
Q

Paradoxes - Narcisists

A
  1. They are insulted when told they aren’t brilliant but don’t care if their called jerks
  2. The more entitled and exploitative the narcissist, the more popular he/she is (able to exploit to seem fun-loving)
  3. Devalue others while needing their admiration
  4. Narcissists know that others find them obnoxious but don’t care
49
Q

5 signs of a narcissist

A
  1. Bragging about a perfect family
  2. Hyper Generosity to the public
  3. Hypersensitivity/insecure
  4. Prone to negative emotions (depression/anxiety)
  5. Puts down others
50
Q

Are you in love with a narcissist:

A
  • Slow down
  • Observe a variety of settings
  • Consider the venue (clubs)
  • Examine yourself
  • Get out
  • Take control
51
Q

Optimistic Behaviour (not narcissistic)

A

acknowledge a negative consequence but don’t believe it can happen to you

52
Q

Jean Twenge on Narcissism

A
  • Materialism
  • Interest in fame
  • Inflated expectations
  • Hookups vs relationships
  • Gambling
  • Cheating
53
Q

6 Aspects of the Human Person Necessary for Ethics:
Number 1

A

The importance of others
* We are not isolated in decision making
* What is good for you must be good for others

54
Q

Nunber 2

A

The importance of having a direction in life
* You need a direction in order to know how to get there
* Otherwise life just happens and you react

55
Q

Number 3

A

The importance of communication and language
* Language gives meaning that can be allows us to communicate
* Sometimes meaning is debated
* Includes body language

56
Q

Number 4

A

The importance of character and one’s body
* Small choices add up to our character
* Influence how we act in big moral moments
* Who we are is a part of our physical self

57
Q

Number 5

A

The importance of conscience
* The voice of God/Love in each of us
* All humans have dignity and conscience (made in the image of God)
* Conscience tells us to be the most loving (not easy)
* Other voices can influence for or against conscience
* Our concise must be the final moral guide in decisions
* Superego/Gut reaction are not conscience and weaponize guilt
* Superego: backward thinking, Conscience: forward thinking

58
Q

Making Moral Decisions

A
  1. Capacity: There is a better/worse choice in moral decisions
  2. Process: We are called to have an informed conscience (involves research, listening to others/God)
  3. Judgement: making a choice
59
Q

Importance of developing our conscience

A
  • Conscience is perfect, our ability to hear it is not
  • This ability gets better as we mature, and experience difference
  • Praying (listening) can help develop conscience
60
Q

Psychological Boundaries

A
  • Honouring our own needs (Ex. limiting exposure to ____ because it is uncomfortable/unsafe)
  • As we mature, we will get better at setting boundaries
  • Setting boundaries allows us to be happier and hear our conscience better (requires honesty)
61
Q

A Sibling’s View by Barbara Hungerford

A
  • You do not get to decide whether someone in a marginalized group should be offended when not part of that group
  • Your interpretation of a words meaning is irrelevant is that word is hurtful to others
62
Q

Reappropriation

A

A marginalized group who has been a victim of a term readopts the word for themselves to rob it of its power. (Includes non-verbal communication)

Grade 12 Religion (4 decks)

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