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Chemistry 11U - 2023 > Unit 2 Test Review - Chemical Reactions > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Review - Chemical Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you write the chemical name for a binary ionic compound containing a monovalent metal and a non-metal?

A

1) the metal is always written first and retains its name

2) The non-metal is written second and the ending is modified to “ide”

as for chemical formulas, simply use the zero-sum rule!

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2
Q

How do you write the chemical name for a binary compound containing a multivalent metal?

A

IUPAC naming system
1) name the metal first in full

2) the oxidation (valence) state of the metal follows, written in ROMAN numerals, enclosed in brackets

3) name the non-metal second and modify it to end in “ide”

ROMAN NUMERALS:
1 = I
2= II
3= III
4= IV
5= V

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3
Q

Where are multivalent metals found?

A

multivalent metals are found in the transition and post-transition
metals section of the periodic table however not all of these metals
are multivalent

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4
Q

How do you name ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions?

A

1)name the metal first in full

2) name the polyatomic ion second in full

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5
Q

How do you name hydrated ionic compounds?

A

1)the ionic compound that precedes the water is named using ionic rules

2)the water is named “hydrate” with the appropriate prefix in front identifying the number of water molecules present

PREFIXES USED:
1: MONO
2: DI
3: TRI
4: TETRA
5: PENTA
6: HEXA
7: HEPTA
8: OCTA
9: NONA
10: DECA

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6
Q

What are the diatomic elements?

A

-non-metal elements that exist as molecules of two atoms bonded
-HOFBrINCl is only applicable when these elements are in the element
form NOT when they are involved in ionic or covalent bonds or as
ions!

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7
Q

How do you name binary covalent compounds containing 2 non-metals?

A

*the zero-sum or cross-over method is NOT used to determine subscripts
*subscripts are NOT reduced

1) name the elements in the order they appear in the chemical formula
2) a prefix is attached to the name of each element corresponding to
the number of atoms of that element present in the molecule
3) the ending of the second non-metal is modified to end in “ide”

PREFIXES USED:
1: MONO
2: DI
3: TRI
4: TETRA
5: PENTA
6: HEXA
7: HEPTA
8: OCTA
9: NONA
10: DECA

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8
Q

How do you name binary acids?

A

contain hydrogen and one other nonmetal
-classical Naming System (still more commonly used over IUPAC)

1) drop the “gen” from hydrogen leaving “hydro”

2) modify the ending of the second element to “ic” and add “acid”

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9
Q

How do you name oxyacids?

A

contain hydrogen and an oxygen-containing polyatomic ion

1) omit the word “hydrogen”

2) change the “ate” ending to “ic” and add “acid”
OR
3) change the “ite” ending to “ous” and add “acid”

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10
Q

What are chemical reactions?

A

-chemicals have the potential to react with one another based on their chemical properties
-a chemical property describes the ability (or inability) of a substance to react to form a new substance and is
observed during or after a chemical reaction

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11
Q

What properties are examined when attempting to conclude that a chemical reaction has occurred?

A

-reactivity with water
-reactivity with oxygen
-reactivity with acids

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12
Q

What happens during a chemical reaction?

A

-existing chemical bonds are broken and atoms rearrange to form new bonds
-a new substance or substances are produced, each with a different chemical composition and different properties compared to the starting materials

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13
Q

What is evidence of chemical change?

A

-formation of a gas
-formation of a precipitate
-change in energy (temperature change,
production of light or sound)
-change in odour
-change in colour*

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14
Q

How does a balanced chemical equation satisfy the law of conservation of mass?

A

-a balanced chemical equation satisfies the law of conservation of mass by ensuring that there are the same
number of atoms of each element on the right-hand side of the equation as there are on the left-hand side

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15
Q

What are the gaseous products of combustion and what do they consist of?

A

flue gases, these are made up of sulfur oxides because of the reaction of sulfur impurities with the combustion fuel

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16
Q

Which oxides are the main constituent of air?

A

nitrogen oxides

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17
Q

How does acid precipitation occur?

A

-sulfur and nitrogen oxides
-when they are released into the atmosphere via vehicle emotion, they react with H2O in the sky and make the pH levels decrease, allowing them to fall onto earth as acidic

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18
Q

Why is complete combustion rare?

A

-excess oxygen must be provided beyond the amounts theoretically required to combust fuel
-imperfect fuel-air mixing and air mixing

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19
Q

What conditions support incomplete combustion?

A

-insufficient air to fuel mixing
-insufficient air supply to flame
-insufficient time for reactants to react
-low flame temperature (slow combustion reactions)

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20
Q

Why should you be worried if your furnace is running on incomplete combustion?

A

-the process releases carbon monoxide which is poisonous to humans
-carbon monoxide is an air pollutant

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21
Q

What are three physical properties of carbon monoxide?

A

-colourless
-tasteless
-odourless
(this is why detectors for it exist)

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22
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous to humans?

A

-when it enters the lungs it attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells, and forms stronger binds with the hemoglobin molecules than oxygen
-inhaling enough carbon monoxide can be fatal because of the strong bonds it forms within the body, taking many hours for the body to rid itself of carbon monoxide, even if you are out of the atmosphere

23
Q

What are some symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

-fatigue
-nausea
-dizziness
-mild headache
-convulsions
-death

24
Q

Does exposure time matter when it presence of carbon monoxide and the symptoms?

A

-because of how it attaches itself to the body, hours of low exposure is just as deadly as shorter exposure to high levels

25
Q

What determines a combustion reaction?

A

the amount of oxygen available

26
Q

What is combustion?

A

the reaction of a substance with oxygen,
producing one or more oxides, heat and light

27
Q

What are the fuels used in combustion reactions?

A

fuels commonly used in combustion reactions are hydrocarbons
- hydrocarbons are composed of atoms

ex.
methane (CH4)
propane (C3H8)
butane (C4H10)

28
Q

What is complete combustion?

A

-when sufficient oxygen is available hydrocarbons will undergo complete combustion producing nontoxic
oxides of carbon dioxide and water only

ex. ___C5H12 (g) + ___O2 (g) = ___ CO2(g) + ___H2O(g)

29
Q

What is incomplete combustion?

A

when insufficient oxygen is available hydrocarbons will undergo incomplete combustion producing a greater variety
of products
- products will always include water along with various oxides
of carbon and or soot

ex. __C4H10(g) + __O2 (g) = __CO2(g) + __H2O(g) + __ C(s) + __CO(g)

30
Q

What is a fuel-to-oxygen ratio within a combustion reaction?

A

the lowest term ratio between the hydrocarbon coefficient and the oxygen coefficient

31
Q

What is fuel to fuel-to-air ratio within a combustion reaction?

A

OXEGYN TO AIR RATIO IS ALWAYS 1:5

equation:
fuel/oxygen x oxegyn/air
=fuel/air ratio

32
Q

What are some important hazards of incomplete combustion?

A

-releases soot, they are an inhalation hazard as it is toxic (causes lung problems)
-most common emition of incomplete combustion in everyday life is via car idling on highways through high speeds
-forest fires are carried by wind and affect humans as soot particles are carried with this wind
-fire fighting as they use synthetic materials that have unusual combustion properties, and when they produce toxic gases when burnt they can be extremely harmful (cancer among firefighter workers is common as a new found in the use of synthetic materials)

33
Q

What is synthesis?

A

two or more reactants combine to form one new product
*always include states

34
Q

What forms from a synthesis reaction between an element and oxygen

A

an oxide is the product formed from the synthesis reaction between an
element and oxygen

35
Q

What happens when oxides react with water in a synthesis reaction?

A

oxides react with water in a synthesis reaction to produce either acidic or basic solutions:

nonmetal oxides produce acidic solutions and are often called: acidic oxides
OR
metal oxides produce basic solutions and are often called: basic oxides

36
Q

What is decomposition?

A

a compound breaks down into its elements or simpler compounds

37
Q

What is electrical decomposition?

A

when a compound decomposes as a result of exposure to an electrical current

38
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

when a compound decomposes as a result of heating

39
Q

What happens when binary compounds decompose?

A

generally, decompose into elements
REMEMBER HOFBRINCL*

40
Q

What happens when teritiary ionic compounds decompose?

A

generally decompose into smaller compounds or a combination of smaller compounds and an element

41
Q

When you decompose an ionic compound with NO3 you…

A

decompose to form a metal nitrite NO2 and oxygen

42
Q

When you decompose an ionic compound with CO3 you…

A

decompose to form a metal oxide and carbon dioxide CO2

43
Q

When you decompose an ionic compound with OH you…

A

decompose to form a metal oxide and water

44
Q

What is single displacement?

A

-one element in a compound is displaced (replaced) by another element in its pure form
-metals can only replace metal cations
-non-metals can only replace non-metal anions

45
Q

How does an activity series work within single displacement reactions?

A

-a pure metal can displace (replace) only those metal cations listed below in the series
-a pure halogen can displace only those
halogen anions listed below it in the series

46
Q

What is a double displacement reaction?

A

-reactions in which ionic compounds, dissolved in water (aqueous), exchange cations resulting in the formation of two
new ionic compounds
-activity series not used

47
Q

What is solubility?

A

-solubility refers to the maximum quantity of solute that can dissolve in a solvent creating a solution
-a solubility table is used to determine the solubility of ionic compound products in both single and double-displacement reactions

48
Q

What is low solubility vs high solubility?

A

“Low Solubility” = solid state (s): precipitate

“High Solubility (soluble)” = aqueous (aq): dissolved in water

49
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

a new substance, in a solid state, that forms in a reaction that occurs in aqueous solution

50
Q

What is a neutralization forming double displacement reaction?

A

ACID + BASE = IONIC COMPOUND (a salt) + WATER

51
Q

What is a gas-forming reaction within double displacement?

A

often these reactions involve two reactions that occur in rapid succession, first a double displacement reaction followed by the decomposition of one unstable product into water and a gas

52
Q

What happens when NH4OH forms in a double displacement reaction?

A

it becomes a gas-forming reaction, and changes to NH3 and H2O

53
Q

When happens when H2CO3 forms in a double displacement reaction?

A

it becomes a gas-forming reaction and changes to H2O and CO2

Chemistry 11U - 2023 (4 decks)

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