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Biology Grade 12 > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the parts of the nucleotide building block

A

The nitrogenous base, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and a phosphate.

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2
Q

Base pairing-pyrimidines and purines

A

Chargaff’s rule: A-T and C-G, Adenine and Guanine are purines, Thymine and Cytosine are pyrimidines.

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3
Q

Parts of the double helix

A

Deoxyribose and phosphate alternating (in the actual helix).

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4
Q

The Polymerase role

A

Builds the new DNA strand (by reading the parent strand and matching nucleotides).

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5
Q

Ligase role

A

Glues okazaki fragments on the lagging strand together.

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6
Q

Helicase role

A

Unwinds and unzips the double stranded DNA via breaking the hydrogen bonds between bases.

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7
Q

Unzipping is when

A

helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

The Replication fork is

A

the shape the unzipped DNA makes

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9
Q

Copying is

A

polymerase recognizes the primer in which primase prepares and uses free nucleotides to build the new strand via parent code.

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10
Q

Base pairing

A

adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)… A = T and C = G

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11
Q

How many bonds do Cytosine and guanine have?

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

How many bonds do Adenine and thymine have?

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What direction is the leading strand made in?

A

(3’ to 5’) as the moving fork

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14
Q

What direction is the lagging strand made in?

A

(5’ to 3’) in short Okazaki fragments.

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15
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

Short synthesized DNA sequences that get put together to make the lagging strand of DNA.

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16
Q

semi conservative

A

Two copies of the original DNA molecule are produced. Each copy has one original strand and one newly-synthesized strand, hence semi-conservative.

17
Q

Some facts about DNA

A

Its sugar is deoxyribose, it has double-stranded molecules, its stores and transfers genetic information, and it has thymine.

18
Q

Some facts about RNA

A

Its sugar is ribose, it has single-stranded molecules, it codes for amino acids and acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins, and it has uracil.

19
Q

Parts of the nucleotide building block

A

Sugar (ribose), base and phosphate.

20
Q

mRNA

A

(messenger): encodes amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

21
Q

tRNA

A

(transfer): brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.

22
Q

rRNA

A

(ribosomal): with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes.

23
Q

Transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template where the code in the DNA is converted into a complementary RNA code.

24
Q

Translation

A

the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein.

25
Q

Ribosomes

A

are where protein synthesis happens

26
Q

RNA polymerase

A

builds the new DNA strand

27
Q

Codons

A

are the three-letter “words” in mRNA

28
Q

Anticodons

A

are the three unpaired bases on tRNA

29
Q

What are some changes in Chromosomal mutations

A

Duplication: production of an extra part (or an entire) chromosome.
Deletion: loss of a part or all of a chromosome.
Inversion: reverses the direction of parts of a chromosome.
Translocation: one part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

30
Q

What are some changes in Gene Mutations

A

Substitution: a single nucleotide is replaced. May result in a single amino acid change.
Insertion: a single nucleotide is inserted into the sequence. All amino acids after the mutation may be changed.
Deletion: a nucleotide is deleted. All amino acids after the mutation may be changed.

31
Q

Chromosomal mutations

A

involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes

32
Q

Gene mutations

A

involve changes in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations

33
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources

34
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides

35
Q

Plasmid

A

small, circular piece of DNA in the cytoplasm of many bacteria

36
Q

Cloning (including twins)

A

Member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

37
Q

Transgenic Organisms (GMO’s)

A

Organisms that contain genes from other organisms

38
Q

Gene therapy

A

Changing a gene to treat a medical disease/disorder

Biology Grade 12 (1 decks)

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