Unit 2 Test Flashcards by KALEIGH BELLAMY

Skill of describing events
-gather information about events or processes
-Can be quantitative: measurable or countable
-Can be qualitative: describable and not numerical

Observation

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Conclusion or deduction based on observations, from given evidence

Inference

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Evolution is just a theory, true or false

True

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Broad explanations for wide range of phenomena, three must be strongly, supported by different forms of evidence to be supported

Scientific theories

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Possible explanation/answer to a scientific question

Hypothesis

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Well tested explanation

Theory

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How is evolution supported?

Fossil record
Geographic distribution of living things (biogeography)
Atom evidence
A) homologous body structures
B) vestigial limbs
C) similarities in early development
Molecular DNA

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Traces of dead organism, such as footprints, insects, bones, leaf impressions, etc.

Fossils

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What does a fossil record show?

A sequential appearance and disappearance of species, new species appeared gradually, with species becoming more complex overtime

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What does the fossils found in the rock tell us?

Two things:
1. Looks.
2. How long ago they existed, deeper=older

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Why is the fossil record incomplete?

Because very few species turn into fossils, most decay away

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What happens when forming fossils?

Not all parts of the animal become fossilized (makes it hard to know some details)

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What determines age of a fossil?

Radioactive decay

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Age of a fossil can be determined through radiometric dating (determining the age of layer of fossil found in)

absolute age

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Age of fossil is determined by comparing it to other fossils

Relative age

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Bones that contain traits of ancestral groups and descendant groups, link new species to old species

Transitional fossils

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Study of geographic distribution of species overtime

Biogeography

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Independent development of similar structures and organisms that are not directly related
-live in similar environments, but in different locations

Convergent evolution

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What is the supporting evidence for biogeography evolution?

-similar animals on each continent live in similar ecological conditions
-Exposed to similar pressures of natural selection, because of this different animals ended up evolving similar characteristics

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Ancestral species gives rise to a number of new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and are less alike
-occurs when species colonize new environment

Divergent evolution

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Occurs when species colonize new environment

Adaptive radiation

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Each living organism has descended with changes from other species overtime

Descent with modification

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All of the things were derived (originated) from common ancestor

Common descent

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Structures from different organisms that have different mature forms, but come from same embryonic origin

Homologous structures
-homo=same
-logous=information
(Same structure inside, same development in embryo, but different functions on outside, evidence of common ancestors)

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Structures that are present in organism, but do not serve any function (remnants of evolutionary past)

Vestigial structures

Structures that look similar on outside and have same function, but have different structure and development on the inside (different, no evolutionary relationship)

Analogous structure

What is embryology?

Study of developing embryos, evidence that supports evolution

Why does embryos support evolution?

1. Embryos of vertebrates are very similar during early development 2. Common cells and tissue grow similar ways, produce homologous structures 3. Common genes 4. Molecular DNA evidence (similar DNA and common ancestor)

What are humans most related to?

Chimpanzees

Origin of species

Speciation

Changes in allele frequencies within a single gene pool

Micro-evolution

Evolutionary change above the species level -cumulative effects of speciation over long periods of time

Macro-evolution

Population/group whose members have potential to interbreed in nature and produce VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING (reproductively compatible)

Species

Barriers that prevent members of two species from producing vital, fertile hybrids

Reproductive isolation

Prevent mating or hinder fertilization

Pre-zygotic barriers

Prevent hybrid zygote from developing into fertile adult

Post-zygotic barriers

By body shape, size, and other structural features

Morphological

Nature/role in community

Ecological

Share a common ancestor, form one branch on tree of life

Phylogenetic

Two species produce a hybrid

Allopolyploid

Extra sets of chromosomes

Autopolyploid

Breakdown of reproduction barriers

Fusion

Survival of the fittest

Differential survival

Who bears more offspring

Differential reproductive success

What happens when a population evolves?

-genetic make up a population changes over time -Favorable traits (greater fitness) become more common

Individuals with one phenotype leave more surviving offspring

Productive success

Ways allele frequencies can be changed

-Any deviation from any of the hardy Wenberg conditions is a potential cause of evolution -New mutation -Non-random mating -natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

Violation air condition, one

New mutation

Violation of condition two

Non-random mating

Violation of conditions two and three, only ones to alter allele frequencies directly and cause the most evolutionary change

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

What are the agents of evolutionary change?

-Mutation -gene flow -non-rating -tunic drift -selection

Movement of individuals and alleles in and out of populations

Gene flow

What does gene flow affect?

-sub populations may have different allele frequencies -Causes genetic mixing across regions -reduce differences between populations

Human evolution today

-Gene flew in human population is increasing today -transferring alleles between populations

What does genetic drift cause and effect?

-effect of chance events -cause allele frequencies to fluctuate predictively from one generation to the next -founder effect -bottleneck effect

Small group splinters off and starts a new colony -when a new population is started by only a few individuals -Some rare alleles maybe at high frequency, others may be missing -skew the gene pool of the new population

Founder effect

Some factor (disaster) reduces populations to a small number, and then population recovers and expands again -population is drastically reduced by a disaster -Increase inbreeding -Famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat -Lose variation by chance event -alleles lost from gene pool -Not due to fitness

Bottle-neck effect

Why is bottlenecking an important concept in conservation biology of endangered species?

-loss of alleles from gene pool -Reduce variation -Reduces adaptability

What are the four effects of genetic drift?

1. It is significant in small population 2. It can cause allele frequencies to change in random 3. It can lead to a loss of genetic variation 4. It can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

Only one that consistently increases the frequencies of alleles that provide reproductive advantage

Natural selection

What are the three ways of natural selection depending on which phenotype is favored?

-Directional selection -disruptive selection -stabilizing selection

Occurs when conditions favorite individuals at one extreme of a phenotype range -common when a populations, environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a different habitat

Directional selection

Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

Disruptive selection

Asked against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants -reduces variation

Stabilizing selection

Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates -can result in sexual dimorphism

Sexual selection

What are the two secondary sexual characteristics?

Intrasexual and intersexual

Selection made within same sex, competition for mates

Intrasexual

Make choice, individuals of one sex are choosy in section for their mates from the other sex

Intersexual

Short definition for homologous

Same structure, different function

Short definition for molecular features

Shared across all domains

Short definition for biogeography

Distribution of species around the world

Short definition of vestigial

Structures that once had a function, but no longer does

Short definition of analogous

Unrelated organisms with similar physical structure

Short definition for molecular biology

Number of different amino acid sequence

Short definition for direct observations

Cases where we can watch occur

Short short definition for embryology

Similarities and early development of vertebrae embryos