Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Biology > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Skill of describing events
-gather information about events or processes
-Can be quantitative: measurable or countable
-Can be qualitative: describable and not numerical

A

Observation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conclusion or deduction based on observations, from given evidence

A

Inference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evolution is just a theory, true or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Broad explanations for wide range of phenomena, three must be strongly, supported by different forms of evidence to be supported

A

Scientific theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Possible explanation/answer to a scientific question

A

Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Well tested explanation

A

Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is evolution supported?

A
  1. Fossil record
  2. Geographic distribution of living things (biogeography)
  3. Atom evidence
    A) homologous body structures
    B) vestigial limbs
    C) similarities in early development
  4. Molecular DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Traces of dead organism, such as footprints, insects, bones, leaf impressions, etc.

A

Fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a fossil record show?

A

A sequential appearance and disappearance of species, new species appeared gradually, with species becoming more complex overtime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the fossils found in the rock tell us?

A

Two things:
1. Looks.
2. How long ago they existed, deeper=older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

A

Because very few species turn into fossils, most decay away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when forming fossils?

A

Not all parts of the animal become fossilized (makes it hard to know some details)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What determines age of a fossil?

A

Radioactive decay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Age of a fossil can be determined through radiometric dating (determining the age of layer of fossil found in)

A

absolute age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Age of fossil is determined by comparing it to other fossils

A

Relative age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Bones that contain traits of ancestral groups and descendant groups, link new species to old species

A

Transitional fossils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Study of geographic distribution of species overtime

A

Biogeography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Independent development of similar structures and organisms that are not directly related
-live in similar environments, but in different locations

A

Convergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the supporting evidence for biogeography evolution?

A

-similar animals on each continent live in similar ecological conditions
-Exposed to similar pressures of natural selection, because of this different animals ended up evolving similar characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Ancestral species gives rise to a number of new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and are less alike
-occurs when species colonize new environment

A

Divergent evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Occurs when species colonize new environment

A

Adaptive radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Each living organism has descended with changes from other species overtime

A

Descent with modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

All of the things were derived (originated) from common ancestor

A

Common descent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Structures from different organisms that have different mature forms, but come from same embryonic origin

A

Homologous structures
-homo=same
-logous=information
(Same structure inside, same development in embryo, but different functions on outside, evidence of common ancestors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Structures that are present in organism, but do not serve any function (remnants of evolutionary past)

A

Vestigial structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Structures that look similar on outside and have same function, but have different structure and development on the inside (different, no evolutionary relationship)

A

Analogous structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is embryology?

A

Study of developing embryos, evidence that supports evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why does embryos support evolution?

A
  1. Embryos of vertebrates are very similar during early development
  2. Common cells and tissue grow similar ways, produce homologous structures
  3. Common genes
  4. Molecular DNA evidence (similar DNA and common ancestor)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are humans most related to?

A

Chimpanzees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Origin of species

A

Speciation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Changes in allele frequencies within a single gene pool

A

Micro-evolution

32
Q

Evolutionary change above the species level
-cumulative effects of speciation over long periods of time

A

Macro-evolution

33
Q

Population/group whose members have potential to interbreed in nature and produce VIABLE, FERTILE OFFSPRING (reproductively compatible)

34
Q

Barriers that prevent members of two species from producing vital, fertile hybrids

A

Reproductive isolation

35
Q

Prevent mating or hinder fertilization

A

Pre-zygotic barriers

36
Q

Prevent hybrid zygote from developing into fertile adult

A

Post-zygotic barriers

37
Q

By body shape, size, and other structural features

A

Morphological

38
Q

Nature/role in community

A

Ecological

39
Q

Share a common ancestor, form one branch on tree of life

A

Phylogenetic

40
Q

Two species produce a hybrid

A

Allopolyploid

41
Q

Extra sets of chromosomes

A

Autopolyploid

42
Q

Breakdown of reproduction barriers

43
Q

Survival of the fittest

A

Differential survival

44
Q

Who bears more offspring

A

Differential reproductive success

45
Q

What happens when a population evolves?

A

-genetic make up a population changes over time
-Favorable traits (greater fitness) become more common

46
Q

Individuals with one phenotype leave more surviving offspring

A

Productive success

47
Q

Ways allele frequencies can be changed

A

-Any deviation from any of the hardy Wenberg conditions is a potential cause of evolution
-New mutation
-Non-random mating
-natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

48
Q

Violation air condition, one

A

New mutation

49
Q

Violation of condition two

A

Non-random mating

50
Q

Violation of conditions two and three, only ones to alter allele frequencies directly and cause the most evolutionary change

A

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

51
Q

What are the agents of evolutionary change?

A

-Mutation
-gene flow
-non-rating
-tunic drift
-selection

52
Q

Movement of individuals and alleles in and out of populations

53
Q

What does gene flow affect?

A

-sub populations may have different allele frequencies
-Causes genetic mixing across regions
-reduce differences between populations

54
Q

Human evolution today

A

-Gene flew in human population is increasing today
-transferring alleles between populations

55
Q

What does genetic drift cause and effect?

A

-effect of chance events
-cause allele frequencies to fluctuate predictively from one generation to the next
-founder effect
-bottleneck effect

56
Q

Small group splinters off and starts a new colony
-when a new population is started by only a few individuals
-Some rare alleles maybe at high frequency, others may be missing
-skew the gene pool of the new population

A

Founder effect

57
Q

Some factor (disaster) reduces populations to a small number, and then population recovers and expands again
-population is drastically reduced by a disaster
-Increase inbreeding
-Famine, natural disaster, loss of habitat
-Lose variation by chance event
-alleles lost from gene pool
-Not due to fitness

A

Bottle-neck effect

58
Q

Why is bottlenecking an important concept in conservation biology of endangered species?

A

-loss of alleles from gene pool
-Reduce variation
-Reduces adaptability

59
Q

What are the four effects of genetic drift?

A
  1. It is significant in small population
  2. It can cause allele frequencies to change in random
  3. It can lead to a loss of genetic variation
  4. It can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
60
Q

Only one that consistently increases the frequencies of alleles that provide reproductive advantage

A

Natural selection

61
Q

What are the three ways of natural selection depending on which phenotype is favored?

A

-Directional selection
-disruptive selection
-stabilizing selection

62
Q

Occurs when conditions favorite individuals at one extreme of a phenotype range
-common when a populations, environment changes or when members of a population migrate to a different habitat

A

Directional selection

63
Q

Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes

A

Disruptive selection

64
Q

Asked against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
-reduces variation

A

Stabilizing selection

65
Q

Form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
-can result in sexual dimorphism

A

Sexual selection

66
Q

What are the two secondary sexual characteristics?

A

Intrasexual and intersexual

67
Q

Selection made within same sex, competition for mates

A

Intrasexual

68
Q

Make choice, individuals of one sex are choosy in section for their mates from the other sex

A

Intersexual

69
Q

Short definition for homologous

A

Same structure, different function

70
Q

Short definition for molecular features

A

Shared across all domains

71
Q

Short definition for biogeography

A

Distribution of species around the world

72
Q

Short definition of vestigial

A

Structures that once had a function, but no longer does

73
Q

Short definition of analogous

A

Unrelated organisms with similar physical structure

74
Q

Short definition for molecular biology

A

Number of different amino acid sequence

75
Q

Short definition for direct observations

A

Cases where we can watch occur

76
Q

Short short definition for embryology

A

Similarities and early development of vertebrae embryos

AP Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions