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SBI4U > Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular respiration

A

catabolic pathway that breaks down energy rich compounds to produce ATP
takes place in both animal and plant cells

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2
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

catabolic pathway that requires oxygen

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

catabolic pathway in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

Two ways ATP is produced

A

SLP - ATP formation from transferring a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP
Oxidative Phosphorylation - couples oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by ETC to form a proton gradient to power phosphorylation and ATP formation

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5
Q

Cellular Respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

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6
Q

Location of States of Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis - cytosol
Pyruvate oxidation - mitochondrial matrix
Kreb’s Cycle - mitochondrial matrix
ETC/Chemiosmosis (Oxidative Phosphorylation) - across the inner mitochondrial membrane

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7
Q

Glycolysis

A

The metabolic pathway that breaks glucose down into pyruvate
cytoplasm
anaerobic
net gain of 2 ATP
2 NADH

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8
Q

Draw glycolysis

A

1) Energy investment
2) Cleavage
3) Energy Pay off

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9
Q

After glycolysis

A

If oxygen is available –> PO, Kreb’s, ETC/Chemiosmosis
If oxygen is absent –> Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation

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10
Q

Draw/explain PO

A
  1. carboxyl group removed from pyruvate (decarboxylation)
  2. redox reaction - NAD+ to NADH
  3. Coenzyme A added to acetyl to produce Acetyl-CoA
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11
Q

Draw/explain Kreb’s

A

Mitochondrial matrix
Aerobic
acetyl co A, citrate, isocitrate, ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate oxaloacetate

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12
Q

Yield per glucose from Kreb’s

A

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2

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13
Q

ETC

A

NADH oxidized
FADH2 oxidized
electrochemical gradient
final electron acceptor

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14
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

H+ enters the matrix from high to low concentration via ATP synthase
energy from the electrochemical gradient used to create ATP

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15
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation NADH and FADH2 to ATP

A

1 NADH –> 3 ATP
1 FADH2 –> 2 ATP

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16
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation complexes and electron shuttles

A

NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome bc-1 complex II, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase complex III, ATP synthase

17
Q

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

A

A metabolic pathway which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor during the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP

18
Q

Anaerobic Fermentation

A

A cellular respiration pathway that transfers electrons from NADH to an organic acceptor molecule

19
Q

Lactate Fermentation

A

occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria
production of lactate
Pyruvate from glycolysis reacts with NADH to reoxidize to NAD+, surrounding is acidic, NAD+ regeneration to keep glycolysis going to produce ATP
glucose –> 2 pyruvate –> 2 lactate

20
Q

Ethanol Fermentation

A

yeast cells and some bacteria
production of ethanol and carbon dioxide
glucose –> 2 pyruvate –> 2 Acetaldehyde –> 2 ethanol

21
Q

Photosynthesis + equation

A

converts solar/light energy into chemical energy stored in the bonds of glucose
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy –> C6H12O6 +6O2
performed by autotroph organisms (manufacture molecules for own metabolism)

22
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

inner membrane
outer membrane
crista
intermembrane space
matrix

23
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

thylakoid
thylakoid membrane
lumen/thylakoid space
outer membrane
inner membrane
stroma
granum

24
Q

Thylakoid

A

interconnected sac-like membranous disks within the chloroplast, containing molecules that absorb energy from the sun

25
Q

Absorption of light energy

A

light absorbed in forms of energy called photons
V I B G Y O R
shorter wavelength = higher energy
longer wavelength = lower energy

26
Q

Pigment (chlorophyll and carotenoids)

A

compounds that absorb certain wavelengths of visible light while reflecting others
embedded in the thylakoid membrane
chlorophyll (a and b) - absorbed red and blue reflects green
carotenoids - absorbs blue and green and reflect yellow, orange, red

27
Q

photosystem

A

collection of pigment molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane
energize electrons Photosystem I and II

28
Q

photosynthesis overview (locations)

A

light dependent - photophosphorylation
- require solar energy
- across the thylakoid membrane
- produce ATP and NADH

light-independent reactions - the Calvin cycle
- require products of the light reactions
- use carbon from CO2 to produce glucose
- take place in the stroma of chloroplast

29
Q

Non - cyclic photophosphorylation

A
  1. photons of light strike photosystem II and are absorbed by antenna pigments (ground state to excited state)
  2. excitation energy passed along pigment molecules until reaches P680 molecule - reaction centre chlorophyll a
  3. high energy state of chlorophyll a causes it to emit high energy electrons passed onto the primary electron acceptor (photoexcitation)
  4. when excited elctron leaves PII now positively charge P680+
  5. electrons are replaced in PII through photolysis - water splitting enzyme splits 2 water molecules 2H2O –> O2 + 4H+ + 4e-, H+ remain in lumen
  6. each photoexicted electron passes from primary electron acceptor in P2 to P1 via ETC
  7. energy is used by b6f complex to pump H+ from stroma –> lumen
  8. electrochemical gradient high H+ in lumen and low H+ in stroma
  9. ATP synthesis - H+ pass through ATP synthase enzyme by facilitated diffusion (lumen –> stroma) energy of concentration gradient used to generate ATP. process called photophosphorylation
  10. photons of light strike photosystem I. transferred to reaction centre P700 molecule. electrons re-energised passed to electron acceptor. lost electrons replaced by ones from photosystem II
  11. electrons from P1 passed to electron carrier ferredoxin passes electrons to enzyme NADP reductase which adds 2 e- and 2H+ to coenzyme NADP+ reducitnt to NADPH

ATP and NADPH accumulate in stroma necessary for light-independent stage of photosynthesis

30
Q

Calvin cycle

A

second stage of photosynthesis
does not require direct light, requires products of light dependent ATP and NADPH
takes place in stroma
produces product to create sugars

31
Q

Carbon fixation

A

1) first molecule in calvin cycle ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
RuBp , 5 carbon, accepts carbon from CO2, reaction catalyzed by enzyme RuBP carboxylase (rubisco)
creates 6 carbon intermediate molecule that splits into 3C molecules 3-phosphoglycerate(PGA)

32
Q

Reduction

A

2) ATP is used to phosphorylate 3 phosphoglycerate to produce 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
NADPH oxide and 1,3 BPG reduced to produce G3P
- ADP returns to ETC to be converted to ATP
- NADPH is oxidized to be reduced
2 G3P exits calvin cycle to different metabolic pathway to produce glucose

33
Q

Regeneration of RuBP

A

RuBP necessary to keep calvin cycle running, must be regenerated
remaining G3P molecules go through reactions to regenerate RuBp. ATP is used in the process

34
Q

why is cyclic phosphorylation required

A

non cyclic produces 1 ATP and 1 NADPH per 2 electrons that pass through
calvin cycle uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH
ATP getes used up faster
Chloroplasts use cyclic to produce more ATP

35
Q

what is produced per glucose in calvin cycle

A

6 CO2
18 ATP
12 NADPH

SBI4U (3 decks)

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