Unit 2 Test Flashcards
What are eukaryotes and prokaryotes considered?
-Eukaryotes are considered “true cells.”
-Prokaryotes are considered “first cell.”
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
How do they divide?
-Eukaryotes divide by mitosis.
Prokaryotes lack this ability and divide by binary fission.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Cytoskeleton?
-Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, which consist of microtubules + microfilaments + actin filaments.
-Prokaryotes have no cytoskeleton.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Transport Method?
- In eukaryote cells molecules move across the cell by diffusion, active + facilitated diffusion.
In prokaryote cells molecules move across the cell by only diffusion.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Organelles?
-Eukaryotes contain endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, vesicle, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuoles, chloroplast (plant), centriole (animal), peroxisome.
Prokaryotes only contain ribosomes.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Cell membrane
-Both eukaryotes (plasma) and prokaryotes have a cell membrane.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Cell wall
-Both eukaryotes (plants) and prokaryotes have cell wall.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
DNA or RNA?
-Eukaryotes have both DNA + RNA.
-Prokaryotes have plasmid (circular DNA molecule).
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Examples?
-Eukaryotes consist of animal + plant cells, fungi.
-Prokaryotes consist of bacteria.
Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Nucleus + Nuclear Membrane?
-Eukaryotes have a true membrane bound nucleus and a nuclear membrane.
-Prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus.
What is the cell membrane?
-The cell membrane is found in all cells and is the intracellular member which is the boundary between the cell and its surroundings.
What are the four functions of the cell membrane?
1.) Isolate the cell cytoplasm from the external environment.
2.) Cell membranes are selectively permeable membrane function to regulate molecules entering and leaving the cell. Maybe called the “gatekeeper”.
3.) Molecules me enter, or leave a cell by diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, osmosis, facilitated transport, exocytosis.
4.) Communicate with other cells.
What is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?
-Fluid-Mosaic Model
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
-The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer, which is a double layer of phospholipids molecules (consistency light oil; fluid).
-Each phospholipid molecule had a polar head (hydrophilic) and a non polar end “tail” (hydrophobic). The polar heads face outward, and non-polar (tail) ends face inward.
Where are the protein molecules located?
What are glycoproteins and glycolipids? Where are they located? Carbohydrates?
-Protein molecules are partially or wholly embedded in the lipid bilayer (proteins are often globular, tertiary structure).
- Cell membranes of animal cells also contain carbohydrates, which are simple sugars in chains attached to proteins or lipids.
-Glycoproteins are simple sugar attached a protein. And glycolipids are simple sugars attached to lipid.
-These chains always form on the outside of the membrane and may be cell markers (communication).
What is cholesterol’s function in the cell membrane?
-Cholesterol functions to give the cell membrane structural support, which makes it less wobbly.
What are mitochondria known as? Why?
Where does glucose/mitochondria get it’s energy from?
-Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell. This is because they break the chemical bonds of glucose to release energy to do work in the cell.
-The energy originally comes from the sun which grows our food.
What is the structure of the nucleus? What is the function of the nucleus?
-The fluid material inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm.
-Inside the nucleus there is also chromatin, which consist of DNA and associated proteins.
-The nucleus stores the information that determines the characteristics of the body cells and their functioning.
What is the structure of the nucleolus/nucleoli?
-It is a specialized region of chromatin that has formed dark circular structures.
-The dark regions of nucleoli (chromatin), is where RNA is produce and joints proteins from the subunits of ribosomes.
What is the nuclear envelope what is it’s function?
-Nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
-The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
-The nuclear envelope consist of minute pores, called nuclear pores, which permit the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.
What is the structure of ribosomes? Where are they located in the cell?
-Ribosomes are made up of a large and small subunit of mRNA, which consist of a combination of protein and rRNA.
-Ribosomes can be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, or they may be found free within the cytoplasm.
-ribosomes can be found singly or in groups called polyribosomes are polysomes.
What is the function of ribosomes?
-Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
> Oroteins produced by the rough ER ribosomes are eventually secreted from the cell or become part of its external surface.
> Proteins synthesized at the cytoplasm ribosomes are used inside the cell, potentially buy the mitochondria or the chloroplast .
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
-The ER is a system of membranous channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) that extend from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.
-If the ER has ribosomes on its surface is called the rough ER, and if it has no ribosomes on its surface is called the smooth ER.
What are the functions of the rough ER and smooth ER?
-The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials through the inside of the cell.
-They’re involved in processing, producing, synthesizing, and modification.
-Rough ER- the rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in protein synthesis. Once the proteins are synthesized and enter the ER, they undergo processing and modification. Majority of them, or modified by the addition of a sugar chain, which makes them glycoproteins.
-Smooth ER- synthesize is the phospholipids that occur in membranes. Forms vesicles where proteins are transported to the Golgi body. It can also produces lipids, such as testosterone in the testes, and in the liver help detoxify drugs.
