Unit 2 Test

Question 1

What are eukaryotes and prokaryotes considered?

Answer 1

-Eukaryotes are considered “true cells.”
-Prokaryotes are considered “first cell.”

Question 2

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
How do they divide?

Answer 2

-Eukaryotes divide by mitosis.
Prokaryotes lack this ability and divide by binary fission.

Question 3

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Cytoskeleton?

Answer 3

-Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton, which consist of microtubules + microfilaments + actin filaments.
-Prokaryotes have no cytoskeleton.

Question 4

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Transport Method?

Answer 4

• In eukaryote cells molecules move across the cell by diffusion, active + facilitated diffusion.
  In prokaryote cells molecules move across the cell by only diffusion.

Question 5

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Organelles?

Answer 5

-Eukaryotes contain endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, lysosomes, vesicle, mitochondria, ribosomes, vacuoles, chloroplast (plant), centriole (animal), peroxisome.
Prokaryotes only contain ribosomes.

Question 6

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Cell membrane

Answer 6

-Both eukaryotes (plasma) and prokaryotes have a cell membrane.

Question 7

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Cell wall

Answer 7

-Both eukaryotes (plants) and prokaryotes have cell wall.

Question 8

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
DNA or RNA?

Answer 8

-Eukaryotes have both DNA + RNA.
-Prokaryotes have plasmid (circular DNA molecule).

Question 9

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Examples?

Answer 9

-Eukaryotes consist of animal + plant cells, fungi.
-Prokaryotes consist of bacteria.

Question 10

Eukaryotes cells vs Prokaryotes cells
Nucleus + Nuclear Membrane?

Answer 10

-Eukaryotes have a true membrane bound nucleus and a nuclear membrane.
-Prokaryotes lack a membrane bound nucleus.

Question 11

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 11

-The cell membrane is found in all cells and is the intracellular member which is the boundary between the cell and its surroundings.

Question 12

What are the four functions of the cell membrane?

Answer 12

1.) Isolate the cell cytoplasm from the external environment.
2.) Cell membranes are selectively permeable membrane function to regulate molecules entering and leaving the cell. Maybe called the “gatekeeper”.
3.) Molecules me enter, or leave a cell by diffusion, active transport, endocytosis, osmosis, facilitated transport, exocytosis.
4.) Communicate with other cells.

Question 13

What is the structure of the phospholipid bilayer in the cell membrane?

Answer 13

-Fluid-Mosaic Model

Question 14

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

Answer 14

-The cell membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer, which is a double layer of phospholipids molecules (consistency light oil; fluid).
-Each phospholipid molecule had a polar head (hydrophilic) and a non polar end “tail” (hydrophobic). The polar heads face outward, and non-polar (tail) ends face inward.

Question 15

Where are the protein molecules located?
What are glycoproteins and glycolipids? Where are they located? Carbohydrates?

Answer 15

-Protein molecules are partially or wholly embedded in the lipid bilayer (proteins are often globular, tertiary structure).
- Cell membranes of animal cells also contain carbohydrates, which are simple sugars in chains attached to proteins or lipids.
-Glycoproteins are simple sugar attached a protein. And glycolipids are simple sugars attached to lipid.
-These chains always form on the outside of the membrane and may be cell markers (communication).

Question 16

What is cholesterol’s function in the cell membrane?

Answer 16

-Cholesterol functions to give the cell membrane structural support, which makes it less wobbly.

Question 17

What are mitochondria known as? Why?
Where does glucose/mitochondria get it’s energy from?

Answer 17

-Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell. This is because they break the chemical bonds of glucose to release energy to do work in the cell.
-The energy originally comes from the sun which grows our food.

Question 18

What is the structure of the nucleus? What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 18

-The fluid material inside the nucleus is called the nucleoplasm.
-Inside the nucleus there is also chromatin, which consist of DNA and associated proteins.
-The nucleus stores the information that determines the characteristics of the body cells and their functioning.

Question 19

What is the structure of the nucleolus/nucleoli?

Answer 19

-It is a specialized region of chromatin that has formed dark circular structures.
-The dark regions of nucleoli (chromatin), is where RNA is produce and joints proteins from the subunits of ribosomes.

Question 20

What is the nuclear envelope what is it’s function?

Answer 20

-Nuclear envelope separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
-The nuclear envelope is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.
-The nuclear envelope consist of minute pores, called nuclear pores, which permit the passage of proteins into the nucleus and ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.

Question 21

What is the structure of ribosomes? Where are they located in the cell?

Answer 21

-Ribosomes are made up of a large and small subunit of mRNA, which consist of a combination of protein and rRNA.
-Ribosomes can be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, or they may be found free within the cytoplasm.
-ribosomes can be found singly or in groups called polyribosomes are polysomes.

Question 22

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 22

-Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
> Oroteins produced by the rough ER ribosomes are eventually secreted from the cell or become part of its external surface.
> Proteins synthesized at the cytoplasm ribosomes are used inside the cell, potentially buy the mitochondria or the chloroplast .

Question 23

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 23

-The ER is a system of membranous channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) that extend from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.
-If the ER has ribosomes on its surface is called the rough ER, and if it has no ribosomes on its surface is called the smooth ER.

Question 24

What are the functions of the rough ER and smooth ER?

Answer 24

-The endoplasmic reticulum transports materials through the inside of the cell.
-They’re involved in processing, producing, synthesizing, and modification.
-Rough ER- the rough ER has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in protein synthesis. Once the proteins are synthesized and enter the ER, they undergo processing and modification. Majority of them, or modified by the addition of a sugar chain, which makes them glycoproteins.
-Smooth ER- synthesize is the phospholipids that occur in membranes. Forms vesicles where proteins are transported to the Golgi body. It can also produces lipids, such as testosterone in the testes, and in the liver help detoxify drugs.

Question 25

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Answer 25

-The Golgi apparatus is involved in processing packaging and distributing molecules within and from the cell. It is also said to be involved in secretion.
-The Golgi body receives proteins and lipids filled vesicles that bud from the smooth ER.
-As the vesicles move from the inner surface of the outer surface of the Golgi apparatus. The molecules inside them are chemically modified.

Question 26

What is the structure of lysosomes?

Answer 26

-Lysosomes are membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus.
-lysosomes contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes.

Question 27

What are the functions of lysosomes?

Answer 27

-Break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.
-Act as the cell’s cleanup crew
-sometimes old worn out parts of a cell are digested by its own lysosome. This is called auto-digestion and allows for normal cellular rejuvenation.
-Destroys viruses and bacteria that attack the cell.

Question 28

What are vacuoles and vesicles?

Answer 28

-Vacuoles and vesicles are membranous sacs.
-Vesicles are smaller then vacuoles.

Question 29

What are the function of vacuoles and vesicles?

Answer 29

-both vacuoles in vesicle store materials.
-Vacuoles are more prominent in plant cells, but they do exist in animal cells. In plant cells they typically are filled with watery fluid that gives added support to the cell.
-Vacuoles in vesicles May contain water, sugar, salts, pigments, and toxic molecules.

Question 30

What is the structure of mitochondria?

Answer 30

-mitochondria are bean shaped and consist of a double membrane.
-The inner membrane is highly folded to form shelf like projections called cristae with a large surface area.
-The inner fluid filled space is called the matrix, which contains DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes.

Question 31

What is the function of mitochondria?

Question 32

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 32

-to convert chemical energy, stored in food into compounds that are more for convenient for cell use (into ATP)
-glucose another carbohydrates made by pints are in photosynthesis, are broken down by the process of aerobic cellular respiration in the mitochondria, which releases energy for the cell.
-ATP is the energy carrying molecule produced by the mitochondria by a series of chemical reactions.

Question 33

What is the equation for cellular respiration can be represented by? What are the byproducts of cellular respiration? What is the energy of ATP used for?

Answer 33

-C6H12O6 + 6O2 > 6CO2 + H2O + ATP
-the byproducts are carbon dioxide and water.
-The energy of ATP is used for synthetic reactions, active transport, and all energy requiring processes in the cell.

Question 34

What is the structure of chloroplasts?

Answer 34

-found in plant cells.
-Chloroplast have an inner and outer membrane enclosing a fluid-filled space called the stroma, which consists of DNA ribosomes enzymes that synthesizes carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
-interconnected flattened sacs, called thylakoids are stocked up instructions called grana or granum singular. Chlorophyl is embedded in the membranes of the thylakoids.

Question 35

What is the function of chloroplast?

Answer 35

-chloroplast are the site of photosynthesis.
-Chloroplast convert energy from the sun light and convert it into chemical energy, which is represented by sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
-During photosynthesis solar energy is trap by chlorophyl and used to produce sugars like glucose.

Question 36

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 36

-consists of a network of interconnected filamentous proteins extended from the nucleus to the plasma, membrane in eukaryotic.
-The cytoskeleton contains three elements called actin, filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.

Question 37

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 37

-to support, cell structure and drive cell movement.
-The cytoskeleton is dynamic and able to undergo rapid assembly and disassembly.
-The elements can change and maintain cell shape and cause the cell and its organelles to move. This includes information of a structure, called a spindle that distributes chromosomes in an orderly manner during cell division.

Question 38

What is a structure of centrioles?

Answer 38

-short cylinders with 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules triplets.
-In animal cells a centrosome contains two centrioles lying at right angles to each other.

Question 39

What is the function of centrioles?

Answer 39

-Short cylinders with9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets.
-And animal cells centrosome contains two centrioles lying at right angles to each other.

Question 40

What are the functions of centrioles?

Answer 40

-May be involved in assembly and disassembly of microtubules
-Centrioles replicate before animal cells divide, each pair of becomes a separate chromosome.
-during cell division of centrosomes a move apart and made function to organize the mitotic spindle.

Question 41

What are the functions of centrioles?

Answer 41

-May be involved in the assembly and disassembly of microtubules.
-Centrioles replicate before an animal cell divides. Each pair becomes a separate centrosomes.
-During cell division the centrosomes move apart made function to organize the mitotic spindle.