Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Ethics
System or code of moral conduct of a particular person, group, or profession.
Values
Pertains to belief and attitudes that provide direction to everyday living.
Code of Ethics
A systemic statement of ethical standards that represent the moral convictions and guide the practice behavior of a group.
Accountability
An obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one’s actions.
Secular humanism
The belief that humanity is capable of morality and self-fulfillment without belief in God.
Moral relativism
“I will decide for myself what is right from wrong; whatever is right for you may not be right for me” (situational ethics)
Social systems theory
Based on the idea that behavior is influenced by a variety of factors that work together as a system.
Transference
Client’s feelings and reactions toward counselor.
Counter-transference
Counselor’s reactions toward client because of their feelings and reactions.
Informed consent
Clients have the right to receive information and ask questions about recommended treatments so they can make well-considered decisions about care.
Confidentiality
Ethical principle or legal right that a physician or other health professional will hold secret all information relating to a patient unless the patient gives consent permitting disclosure.
Role of mandatory disclosure
Taking appropriate action, including necessary disclosures of confidential information, to protect life in the face of client threats of suicide, homicide, and or abuse of children, elders, or dependent persons.
Tarasoff principles
The duty to warn others if a client threatens serious bodily injury to individual or individuals.
Dual relationships
Where two or more rolls are mixed in a manner that can harm the counseling relationship.
Injustice gap
Desired outcome vs. current outcome.
Decisional Forgiveness
Cancellation of an interpersonal debt caused by a transgression.
Emotional Forgiveness
Juxtaposes positive emotions toward the offender against the negative unforgiving emotions. (Forgiving from the heart).
The Pyramidal Model 2 REACH Forgiveness
A tool for structuring the steps and helping a client reach emotional forgiveness.
Empty chair technique
Moving from chair to chair in a mock conversation between transgressor and victim, which stimulates understanding and empathy.
Depression
A mood disorder that is marked by varying degrees of sadness, despair, and loneliness and that is typically accompanied by inactivity, guilt, loss of concentration, social withdrawal, sleep disturbances, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.
Dysthymic Disorders
A chronic disturbance of mood lasting at least two years in adults or one year in children.
Bipolar disorder
A mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Bipolar 1 disorder
Defined by manic episodes that last at least seven days (most of the day, nearly every day) or by manic symptoms that are so severe that the person needs immediate hospital care.
Rapid cycling
The experience of four or more episodes of mania or depression within a year.
Bipolar 2 disorder
Defined by a pattern of depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes, but the episodes are less severe than the manic episodes in bipolar 1 disorders.
Cyclothymic disorder
Defined by recurrent hypomanic and depressive symptoms that are not intense enough or do not last long enough to qualify as hypomanic or depressive episodes.
Manic episode (Mania)
A state of mind characterized by high energy, excitement, and euphoria over a sustained period of time.
Hypomania
A milder version of mania that lasts for a short period of time (a few days). Whereas mania can last a week or longer.
Eustress
A positive form of stress having a beneficial effect on health, motivation, performance, and emotional well-being.
Acute
An intense, unpleasant, and dysfunctional reaction beginning shortly after an overwhelming traumatic event and lasting less than a month.
Chronic
The physiological or psychological response to a prolonged internal or external stressful event.
Distress
The negative stress response or a type of stress that results from being overwhelmed by demands, losses, or perceived threats.
Anxiety
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
Orientations that influence ethical decision-making (3)
Divine revelation yielding moral absolutes, radical individualism yielding moral relativism, and social constructionism yielding moral consensus.
How do we see Divine revelation yielding moral absolutes?
- ethical systems are rooted in scripture
- relationship with God gives a clear pic of right and wrong
- grace through Christ to know and understand it
Factors that influence social systems theory include:
family, friends, social settings, economic class, and the environment at home.
When does one consult with or refer to another? (LIST 5)
- when facing issues not experienced in handling
- when clients need further help outside the scope of our training and practice.
- when either counselor or client are feeling stuck or confused about counseling and neither is clear what to do about it.
- when counselees are deteriorating or making no realistic gains over a number of sessions
- counselor and client have incompatible personalities
- incongruity between counselor’s and client’s beliefs or values
- counselor can’t breakthrough a client’s resistance to change
- dual roles manifest (client becomes a college student of the counselor)
Confidentiality covers the following forms of communication:
- verbal
- written
- telephone
- audio or video tape
- electronic communications arising withing the helping relationship
When is it time to consider termination? (LIST 5) When clients:
- have achieved their therapeutic goals
- appear stable emotionally, psychologically, and spiritually
- maintain behavioral changes or goals for a reasonable amount of time
- possess a new perspective of their world as a whole
- appear to have taken control of their lives
- personal relationships have improved
- tell you they believe it’s time to go that’s right
Types of forgiveness:
- Decisional forgiveness
- Emotional forgiveness
Motivations to forgive
- We are commanded to forgive
- We are admonished to forgive spontaneously and emotionally as Christ
In the Pyramidal Model 2 REACH forgiveness, REACH stands for?
- Recall the hurt
- Empathize with the transgressor
- Altruistic gift of forgiveness
- Commit publicly to the forgiveness one experiences
- Hold on to forgiveness when you doubt
The Acrostic for Confess stands for:
- Confess without excuse
- Offer an apology
- Note the other person’s pain
- Forever value the person
- Equalize the situation
- Say “I’ll try to never do it again”
- Seek forgiveness
Categories to explain the causes of depression
- Biological-genetic
- Physical
- Spiritual
- Personality and psychological
- Interpersonal
- Environmental or societal
Types of bipolar disorder
- Bipolar I
- Bipolar II
- Cyclothymic
- Other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders
What causes bipolar disorder?
Genetics and biological vulnerabilities.
What is the common thread of all anxiety responses and disorders?
Excessive, irrational fear and dread
What therapies and interventions have been successful with major depressive episodes:
- behavior therapy
- cognitive behavioral therapy
- interpersonal psychotherapy
- psychosocial interventions
- pharmacological interventions
What risk factors need to be reduced/addressed to help with treatments for bipolar disorders?
- Stressful life changes
- Alcohol and drug abuse
- Sleep deprivation
- Family distress or other interpersonal conflicts
- Inconsistency with medication
Types of stress
- Eustress
- Acute
- Chronic
- Distress
Sources of stress
- External stressor
- Internal stressor
What are the main systems impacted by stress?
- Cardiovascular system
- Immune system
- Nervous system
- The endocrine system and metabolic response
Basic categories of anxiety (LIST 5):
- Panic disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Specific phobia
- Social phobia
- OCD
- PTSD
- Acute stress disorder
- Generalized anxiety disorder
- Anxiety disorder due to a General Medical Condition
- Substance-induced anxiety
Proverbs 12:25
Anxiety in the heart of man causes depression but a good word makes it glad.
Isaiah 50:4
The Lord God has given me the tongue of the learned…that I should know how to speak a word in season to him who is weary.
Ephesians 4:32
Be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ has forgiven you.
