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Biopsychology 2023 > Unit 2 *synapses, methods, etc* > Flashcards

Unit 2 *synapses, methods, etc* Flashcards

1
Q

Otto Loewi Experiment

A

Won the race to find/discover synaptic communication. VAGUS NERVE.

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2
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between one neuron and another where neurotransmitters are released and bound/packaged into vesicles.

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3
Q

Gap junctions

A

Created by proteins - open tube in which things can move from cell to cell easily

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4
Q

Binding. Receptor types

A

Ionotropic - faster, ion channels that open

Metabotropic - slower, not an ion channel but a protein sitting in the membrane. SIGNALLING.

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter families

A

AMINO ACIDS
glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

MONAMINES
Catecholamines
Indolamines

SOLUBLE GASES
Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide

ACETYLCHOLINE
Acetylcholine

NEUROPEPTIDES
Endorphines

(A Manatee Saw A Narwhale)

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6
Q

Monamines’ catecholamines and indolamines are…

A

Catecholamines: dopamine, epinephrine (made from norepinephrine), norepinephrine (made from dopamine)

Indolamines: serotonin

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7
Q

Synthesis pathway

A

Tyrosine -> L-Dopa -> Dopamine -> Norepinephrine -> Epinephrine

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8
Q

What part of the synthesis pathway takes the longest?

A

Tyrosine to L-Dopa

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9
Q

Histology

A

Staining/study of tissue

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10
Q

Staining types

A

Golgi silver stain
Nissl stain
Myelin stain

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11
Q

Golgi silver stain

A

Chemical procedure that can create visible material that flows through the entirety of subneurons. Doesn’t hit every neuron.

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12
Q

Nissl Stain

A

See all cell bodies that are neurons, use computer algorithms to capture a spot and estimate time

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13
Q

Myelin stain

A

For WHITE MATTER

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14
Q

Retrograde tracer, projections
List an example

A

Tracer is taken up at the TERMINAL of the axon where the SYNAPSE usually is, transported BACKWARD toward CELL BODY

Example: horseradish peroxidase

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15
Q

PHA-L, projections

A

ANTEROGRADE tracer, from CELL BODY to TERMINAL

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16
Q

Viral tract tracing

A

Looking at multiple synapses in a pathway, trace via virus

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17
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A
  • Using antibodies and seeing features of cells via light-up stain
  • A way to look for evidence.
  • Problem: Antibodies recognize the shapes of things/proteins. Lots of proteins might have highly similar shapes. Antibodies might also bind to other things (??)… Not as specific as they’re meant to be.

When using antibody as researcher, you need to PROVE it can be specific

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18
Q

EEG

A
  1. Functional info, not anatomical
  2. Good temporal resolution - can see NEURONS moving
  3. Records voltage-wise
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19
Q

Neurons communicate…

A

Electrically

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20
Q

EEG cons

A

reflects ALL electrical activity, cannot isolate

does not provide PURE view of neural activity

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21
Q

EEG is a diagnostic tool that…

A

Can measure certain brain states and pathologies

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22
Q

Can you look at sleep/wake cycles through an EEG?

A

Yes

23
Q

Evoked potential, EEG

A

Change in EEG that is the result of a momentary stimulus

24
Q

Computed Tomography (CT scans)

A

Conventional x-ray on “steroids”
Mapping
Cross-sectional image of brain
STRUCTURE ONLY

25
Q

Fentanyl misuse CT example

A

35-yr-old woman overdosed, comotose… Changes in basal ganglia, mild generalized cerebral swelling → severe hypoxia. She died.

26
Q

Positron Emission Tomography

A

PET scan
Patient gets injection of radioactive substance, scanner records signals these substances emit as they travel through the brain. Computer then reconstructs the patterns into 3d pics.

Localized function
Structure

27
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

Purely structural technique, provides highest resolution images

Images of brain constructed from faint signal from hydrogen atoms - magnet and beaming radio waves to knock hydrogen atoms out of alignment

Used for any part of body

28
Q

Functional MRI

A

Can infer an area has been active, indirect due to blood use

29
Q

Lesion

A

To damage or remove a brain structure to assess behavior in the absence of that structure.

Loss of function.

30
Q

Stimulation

A

A small electrical current is passed through an electrode in order to activate neurons.

Gain of function

31
Q

Brain microinjection

A

Injection of drugs into the specific part of the brain - can be injected into entire CNS if they are injected into the VENTRICLES

Useful for drug testing and an alternative to lesions

32
Q

“Unit recording”

A

Electrodes placed within brain record from multiple OR individual neurons

3 types:
Extracellular
Intracellular
Patch clamp

33
Q

Extracellular unit recording

A

Sticking electrode on outside space, listening to a bunch of neurons at the same time

34
Q

Intracellular unit recording

A

Stick electrode INTO neuron

35
Q

Types of mice used

A

Inbred, knock-out (loss of a gene), transgenic (gain of a gene)

36
Q

Viral Vectors

A

Another way to influence cells

Viruses can deliver DNA into cells, which will start making that DNA

Usually engineered NOT to replicate themselves

37
Q

Green fluorescent protein

A

Helps see neurons

38
Q

Optogenetics

A

A biological technique to control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light

39
Q

In favor of animal usage

A

Health of humans, animals, and evolutionary insights

40
Q

Against animal usage

A

Animals are too different from humans

All animals are living creatures and should be respected

41
Q

Animal use data

A

85-90% -> mice, rats

<1% -> cats/dogs

<0.3% -> non-human primates

42
Q

Animal welfare 1966

A
  1. Regulate transportation
  2. Protect owners of dogs and cats from theft
  3. Humane care MUST be provided
43
Q

Animal Welfare 1970

A
  1. Include all warm-blooded animals
  2. Retail and fairs are exempt
  3. Inspections and appropriate anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers
44
Q

The IACUC

A

reviews 1 time every 6 months the institution’s program for animals, inspect all animal facilities, report, review concerns, review/approve/modify activities, review/approve proposals, be authorized to suspend an activity involving animals.

45
Q

2 major components of how drugs interact with systems

A

Pharmacokinetics - how the body processes drugs/ absorption, metabolism
Pharmacodynamics - what the drugs do to the body

46
Q

What is a drug? Most common and relevant definition

A

Chemical substance used for its effect on bodily processes

47
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Cross the BBB, alter mood, thought processes and/or behavior, used in the treatment of mental disorders

48
Q

Where do drugs act to affect behavior

A

The synapse

49
Q

Administration methods

A

Oral - MOST COMMON AND CHEAP
Inhalation - straight to BRAIN
Intranasal
Transdermal - has to dissolve FAT
Intravenous (IV) -> direct into blood QUICKEST
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous

50
Q

Antihistamines old generation (benadryl)

A

Crosses BBB

51
Q

Morphine’s relation to heroin

A

Heroin crosses BBB quicker than morphine, 3x as potent

Heroin is diacetyl morphine

52
Q

Elimination of drugs

A

Metabolism, then excreted
1. Liver enzymes
2. Enzymes in the brain

53
Q

Acetaldehyde

A

What ethanol is broken down into, highly toxic, then broken down into ACETATE which can be excreted

54
Q

Antabus

A

Drug to help people stop drinking, inhibits ability to break down acetaldehyde

Biopsychology 2023 (3 decks)

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