Unit 2 Subject Knowledge

Question 1

What did the creation of the PAC increase among Africans during the early 1960s?

Answer 1

Mobilised new support

Question 2

Which crime was the biggest in the early 1960s?

Answer 2

Pass offences

Question 3

Which group attempted to spark masss anger that would overthrow the NP?

Answer 3

PAC

Question 4

What is the most famous PAC protest?

Answer 4

Sharpeville (passes)

Question 5

What was the date of the Sharpevill massacre?

Answer 5

21st March 1960

Question 6

How many protestors were there?

Answer 6

5,000

Question 7

What was the aim of the Sharpeville protests?

Answer 7

Suspension of pass laws

Question 8

How many people did the police claim they were facing at Sharpeville?

Answer 8

20,000

Question 9

Where had 9 policemen been killed a few weeks before?

Answer 9

Cato Manor

Question 10

How many people were injured or killed?

Answer 10

69 died/ 187 injured

Question 11

What were police accused of adding to victims?

Answer 11

Stones/ weapons

Question 12

What did Sharpeville cause a large increase of internationally?

Answer 12

Criticism

Question 13

Why did Sharpeville gain more attention than previous repression?

Answer 13

Photographs

Question 14

How did the UN respond and what month?

Answer 14

Resolution condemning Sharpeville and calling of reversal of apartheid/ April 1960

Question 15

How did the ANC respond?

Answer 15

Pass burning and stayaways

Question 16

What did the government announce on the 30th March 1960?

Answer 16

State of emergency

Question 17

How many Africans marched on Cape Town?

Answer 17

30,000

Question 18

Why did protest fail to threaten white rule?

Answer 18

Not widespread or militant enough

Question 19

What powers did the police gain?

Answer 19

Outlaw meetings and arrest with no restrictions

Question 20

What was the important response of NP to Sharpeville?

Answer 20

Banned ANC and PAC

Question 21

What was the act that banned the ANC and PAC called?

Answer 21

Unlawful Organisation Act

Question 22

The harsh response by the government helped persuade the ANC and PAC to turn to what?

Answer 22

Violence

Question 23

A long running aim of Afrikaners was to remove what from South Africa from abroad?

Answer 23

British influence

Question 24

Why did Verwoerd feel the time was right for a referendum?

Answer 24

Entrencheded in power and strong election results (55% of white votes)

Question 25

Why did South Africa have no television until 1976?

Answer 25

Restrict international news

Question 26

What were two reasons for Macmillan's 'Wind of Change' speech?

Answer 26

Celebrate African self-government and gain Cold War support

Question 27

The 'Wind of Change' speech was before which key event in the 1960s?

Answer 27

Sharpeville

Question 28

How much of South African investment was British in 1956?

Answer 28

2/3rds

Question 29

What was the process of African independence called?

Answer 29

Decolonisation

Question 30

Macmillan's speech reinforced in Verwoerd's mind which policy?

Answer 30

Bantustans

Question 31

What percentage of voters voted for a Republic?

Answer 31

52%

Question 32

In reality the change in becoming a Republic was more .... than any actual effect

Answer 32

Symbolic

Question 33

What year does South Africa leave the commonwealth?

Answer 33

1961

Question 34

Which country in the commonwealth was especially critical of South Africa?

Answer 34

India

Question 35

South Africa had become more internationally ....... after this event?

Answer 35

Isolated

Question 36

What was set up in 1960 in London?

Answer 36

Anti-Apartheid Movement

Question 37

Why did Britain keep strong relations with South Africa?

Answer 37

Economically strategic and important

Question 38

What did Britain and the USA hope South Africa could help them with in the 1960s?

Answer 38

Stopping communism in Africa

Question 39

After leaving the Commonwealth, what did British companies do?

Answer 39

Huge investment in South Africa

Question 40

What could western powers have done to put pressure on South Africa?

Answer 40

Economic boycott

Question 41

In 1962 what did the UN pass a resolution banning to South Africa?

Answer 41

Imports and exports

Question 42

What was the problem with this ban?

Answer 42

It was voluntary

Question 43

What year did Britain impose the arms embargo on South Africa?

Answer 43

1964

Question 44

What year and month were radical groups banned?

Answer 44

April, 1960

Question 45

Name an example of violence before 1960.

Answer 45

East London 1952, Durban 1959 and Mpondoland 1960

Question 46

What had the ANC been committed to?

Answer 46

Peaceful protest and civil disobedience

Question 47

What was the ANC afraid of if they turned to violence?

Answer 47

Government repression

Question 48

Who had already discussed using violence in the 1950s?

Answer 48

Mandela

Question 49

Where had successful revolutions taken place around a similar time?

Answer 49

China and Cuba

Question 50

Peaceful protests had largely failed to stop apartheid, name 2 examples.

Answer 50

Defiance Campaign, Women Pass law protests, Freedom Charter

Question 51

What year did they officially turn violent and what month?

Answer 51

June 1961

Question 52

Who opposed the decision to turn to violence?

Answer 52

Chief Luthuli (head of ANC)

Question 53

The militant wing of the ANC was seperately known as...

Answer 53

MK

Question 54

What type of violence did the ANC use?

Answer 54

Sabotage

Question 55

What was the PAC's violent wing called?

Answer 55

Poqo

Question 56

What was the difference between the two militant groups?

Answer 56

Poqo attacked people

Question 57

Name two examples of PAC attacks?

Answer 57

Paarl March and Mbashe Bridge

Question 58

What was the main reason for the failure of violent protest by both groups?

Answer 58

Government repression and lack of support

Question 59

What was the name of the trial in 1963 and 1964?

Answer 59

Rivonia Trial

Question 60

What did Mandela do in the dock at the Rivonia Trial?

Answer 60

Outlined difficulties facing Africans and put apartheid on trial

Question 61

What did the NP want the punishment to be?

Answer 61

Death penalty

Question 62

Where were the main leaders imprisoned?

Answer 62

Robben Island

Question 63

Who went into exile to keep the ANC alive?

Answer 63

Oliver Tambo

Question 64

What was Oliver Tambo's 'external mission'?

Answer 64

To gain international support

Question 65

What did Oliver Tambo's 'external mission' achieve?

Answer 65

International legitimacy for ANC

Question 66

Name a place where ANC exiles spoke?

Answer 66

UN and Russia

Question 67

What was a significant problem for opposition in South Africa?

Answer 67

Lack of leadership (on the ground)

Question 68

The Anti-Apartheid Movement struggles to achieve a significant level of what?

Answer 68

Support

Question 69

What 2 sporting events were South Africa banned from and in what year?

Answer 69

FIFA (football) 1963 and Olympics 1964

Question 70

Which cricketer caused controversy by not being included in the English cricket team due to his coloured roots?

Answer 70

Basil D'Oliveira

Question 71

Who replaced Verwoerd as leader of NP in 1966?

Answer 71

Vorster

Question 72

Globally what was strong until 1973? (a key turning point for this factor)

Answer 72

Economic growth

Question 73

The economy grew by over what % each year in the 1960s?

Answer 73

5%

Question 74

What hindered the South African economy?

Answer 74

Skills shortages due to lack of education

Question 75

How much did African employment in manufacturing rise during the period?

Answer 75

Nearly doubled

Question 76

What were jobs reserved for whites known as?

Answer 76

Colour bar

Question 77

In the townships what were added during the period?

Answer 77

New houses built by Africans

Question 78

Per capita income increased by how much in the 1960s?

Answer 78

23%

Question 79

During the 1960s how many people moved to the cities?

Answer 79

From 1.5 million to 6 million

Question 80

The 1960s was seen as the what of apartheid?

Answer 80

High point

Question 81

What was beginning to emerge among wealthier Africans?

Answer 81

Middle class

Question 82

The success of many in the township challenged the NP ideas that Africans belonged where?

Answer 82

Rural areas

Question 83

The social gains in African society were made ....... of apartheid

Answer 83

In spite

Question 84

Growing African wealth helped reduce what?

Answer 84

Political protest and conflict

Question 85

What Act attempted to turn homelands into self-governing states and year?

Answer 85

Bantu Self-Government Act 1959

Question 86

Who worked with the NP to rule Transkei?

Answer 86

Kaiser Matanzima

Question 87

What was required to be held in the homelands in order for it to become self-governing but ignored if they produced the wrong result?

Answer 87

Elections

Question 88

How did the Transkei gain from being the model homeland?

Answer 88

Increased spending, health and education expanded quickly and opportunities for rural middle class

Question 89

Which organisation in Africa united against South Africa?

Answer 89

Organisation of African Unity (1963)

Question 90

Which countries shielded South Africa from hostile African neighbours?

Answer 90

Zimbabwe, Angola and Mozambique

Question 91

Why was Vorster keen to work with more countries in the southern African region?

Answer 91

Prevent them being used as ANC bases

Question 92

Why did many Western companies invest in South Africa despite Sharpeville?

Answer 92

Profit opportunities

Question 93

Which act allowed prisoners to be detained indefinitely, increasing police power?

Answer 93

Terrorism Act 1967