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Edexcel A Level History South Africa Twynham > Unit 2 Subject Knowledge > Flashcards

Unit 2 Subject Knowledge Flashcards

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1
Q

What did the creation of the PAC increase among Africans during the early 1960s?

A

Mobilised new support

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2
Q

Which crime was the biggest in the early 1960s?

A

Pass offences

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3
Q

Which group attempted to spark masss anger that would overthrow the NP?

A

PAC

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4
Q

What is the most famous PAC protest?

A

Sharpeville (passes)

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5
Q

What was the date of the Sharpevill massacre?

A

21st March 1960

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6
Q

How many protestors were there?

A

5,000

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7
Q

What was the aim of the Sharpeville protests?

A

Suspension of pass laws

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8
Q

How many people did the police claim they were facing at Sharpeville?

A

20,000

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9
Q

Where had 9 policemen been killed a few weeks before?

A

Cato Manor

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10
Q

How many people were injured or killed?

A

69 died/ 187 injured

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11
Q

What were police accused of adding to victims?

A

Stones/ weapons

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12
Q

What did Sharpeville cause a large increase of internationally?

A

Criticism

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13
Q

Why did Sharpeville gain more attention than previous repression?

A

Photographs

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14
Q

How did the UN respond and what month?

A

Resolution condemning Sharpeville and calling of reversal of apartheid/ April 1960

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15
Q

How did the ANC respond?

A

Pass burning and stayaways

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16
Q

What did the government announce on the 30th March 1960?

A

State of emergency

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17
Q

How many Africans marched on Cape Town?

A

30,000

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18
Q

Why did protest fail to threaten white rule?

A

Not widespread or militant enough

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19
Q

What powers did the police gain?

A

Outlaw meetings and arrest with no restrictions

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20
Q

What was the important response of NP to Sharpeville?

A

Banned ANC and PAC

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21
Q

What was the act that banned the ANC and PAC called?

A

Unlawful Organisation Act

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22
Q

The harsh response by the government helped persuade the ANC and PAC to turn to what?

A

Violence

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23
Q

A long running aim of Afrikaners was to remove what from South Africa from abroad?

A

British influence

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24
Q

Why did Verwoerd feel the time was right for a referendum?

A

Entrencheded in power and strong election results (55% of white votes)

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25
Q

Why did South Africa have no television until 1976?

A

Restrict international news

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26
Q

What were two reasons for Macmillan’s ‘Wind of Change’ speech?

A

Celebrate African self-government and gain Cold War support

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27
Q

The ‘Wind of Change’ speech was before which key event in the 1960s?

A

Sharpeville

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28
Q

How much of South African investment was British in 1956?

A

2/3rds

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29
Q

What was the process of African independence called?

A

Decolonisation

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30
Q

Macmillan’s speech reinforced in Verwoerd’s mind which policy?

A

Bantustans

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31
Q

What percentage of voters voted for a Republic?

A

52%

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32
Q

In reality the change in becoming a Republic was more …. than any actual effect

A

Symbolic

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33
Q

What year does South Africa leave the commonwealth?

A

1961

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34
Q

Which country in the commonwealth was especially critical of South Africa?

A

India

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35
Q

South Africa had become more internationally ……. after this event?

A

Isolated

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36
Q

What was set up in 1960 in London?

A

Anti-Apartheid Movement

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37
Q

Why did Britain keep strong relations with South Africa?

A

Economically strategic and important

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38
Q

What did Britain and the USA hope South Africa could help them with in the 1960s?

A

Stopping communism in Africa

39
Q

After leaving the Commonwealth, what did British companies do?

A

Huge investment in South Africa

40
Q

What could western powers have done to put pressure on South Africa?

A

Economic boycott

41
Q

In 1962 what did the UN pass a resolution banning to South Africa?

A

Imports and exports

42
Q

What was the problem with this ban?

A

It was voluntary

43
Q

What year did Britain impose the arms embargo on South Africa?

A

1964

44
Q

What year and month were radical groups banned?

A

April, 1960

45
Q

Name an example of violence before 1960.

A

East London 1952, Durban 1959 and Mpondoland 1960

46
Q

What had the ANC been committed to?

A

Peaceful protest and civil disobedience

47
Q

What was the ANC afraid of if they turned to violence?

A

Government repression

48
Q

Who had already discussed using violence in the 1950s?

A

Mandela

49
Q

Where had successful revolutions taken place around a similar time?

A

China and Cuba

50
Q

Peaceful protests had largely failed to stop apartheid, name 2 examples.

A

Defiance Campaign, Women Pass law protests, Freedom Charter

51
Q

What year did they officially turn violent and what month?

A

June 1961

52
Q

Who opposed the decision to turn to violence?

A

Chief Luthuli (head of ANC)

53
Q

The militant wing of the ANC was seperately known as…

A

MK

54
Q

What type of violence did the ANC use?

A

Sabotage

55
Q

What was the PAC’s violent wing called?

A

Poqo

56
Q

What was the difference between the two militant groups?

A

Poqo attacked people

57
Q

Name two examples of PAC attacks?

A

Paarl March and Mbashe Bridge

58
Q

What was the main reason for the failure of violent protest by both groups?

A

Government repression and lack of support

59
Q

What was the name of the trial in 1963 and 1964?

A

Rivonia Trial

60
Q

What did Mandela do in the dock at the Rivonia Trial?

A

Outlined difficulties facing Africans and put apartheid on trial

61
Q

What did the NP want the punishment to be?

A

Death penalty

62
Q

Where were the main leaders imprisoned?

A

Robben Island

63
Q

Who went into exile to keep the ANC alive?

A

Oliver Tambo

64
Q

What was Oliver Tambo’s ‘external mission’?

A

To gain international support

65
Q

What did Oliver Tambo’s ‘external mission’ achieve?

A

International legitimacy for ANC

66
Q

Name a place where ANC exiles spoke?

A

UN and Russia

67
Q

What was a significant problem for opposition in South Africa?

A

Lack of leadership (on the ground)

68
Q

The Anti-Apartheid Movement struggles to achieve a significant level of what?

A

Support

69
Q

What 2 sporting events were South Africa banned from and in what year?

A

FIFA (football) 1963 and Olympics 1964

70
Q

Which cricketer caused controversy by not being included in the English cricket team due to his coloured roots?

A

Basil D’Oliveira

71
Q

Who replaced Verwoerd as leader of NP in 1966?

A

Vorster

72
Q

Globally what was strong until 1973? (a key turning point for this factor)

A

Economic growth

73
Q

The economy grew by over what % each year in the 1960s?

A

5%

74
Q

What hindered the South African economy?

A

Skills shortages due to lack of education

75
Q

How much did African employment in manufacturing rise during the period?

A

Nearly doubled

76
Q

What were jobs reserved for whites known as?

A

Colour bar

77
Q

In the townships what were added during the period?

A

New houses built by Africans

78
Q

Per capita income increased by how much in the 1960s?

A

23%

79
Q

During the 1960s how many people moved to the cities?

A

From 1.5 million to 6 million

80
Q

The 1960s was seen as the what of apartheid?

A

High point

81
Q

What was beginning to emerge among wealthier Africans?

A

Middle class

82
Q

The success of many in the township challenged the NP ideas that Africans belonged where?

A

Rural areas

83
Q

The social gains in African society were made ……. of apartheid

A

In spite

84
Q

Growing African wealth helped reduce what?

A

Political protest and conflict

85
Q

What Act attempted to turn homelands into self-governing states and year?

A

Bantu Self-Government Act 1959

86
Q

Who worked with the NP to rule Transkei?

A

Kaiser Matanzima

87
Q

What was required to be held in the homelands in order for it to become self-governing but ignored if they produced the wrong result?

A

Elections

88
Q

How did the Transkei gain from being the model homeland?

A

Increased spending, health and education expanded quickly and opportunities for rural middle class

89
Q

Which organisation in Africa united against South Africa?

A

Organisation of African Unity (1963)

90
Q

Which countries shielded South Africa from hostile African neighbours?

A

Zimbabwe, Angola and Mozambique

91
Q

Why was Vorster keen to work with more countries in the southern African region?

A

Prevent them being used as ANC bases

92
Q

Why did many Western companies invest in South Africa despite Sharpeville?

A

Profit opportunities

93
Q

Which act allowed prisoners to be detained indefinitely, increasing police power?

A

Terrorism Act 1967

Edexcel A Level History South Africa Twynham (1 decks)

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