Unit 2 Study Guide

Question 1

DALY

Answer 1

A population health status measure that incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of diseases and risk factors

Question 2

HALE

Answer 2

A population health status measure that combines life expectancy with a measure of the population’s overall quality of health

Question 3

QALY’s

Answer 3

A measurement that asks about the number of life-years saved by an intervention rather than the number of lives

Question 4

HRQOL

Answer 4

A health status measure that reflects the number of unhealthy days due to physical plus mental impairment. HRQOL provides an overall quality of health measure, but it doesn’t incorporate health systems

Question 5

Under 5 Mortality

Answer 5

AA population health status measure that estimates the probability of dying during the first 5 years of life

Question 6

SUCCESs Principles

Answer 6

Simplicity, Unexpectedness, Concreteness, Credibility, Emotions, and Stories

Question 7

Socioeconomic Status

Answer 7

In the US, a measurement using scales reflecting eduction, income, and professional status

Question 8

Interstate Commerce Clause

Answer 8

Provides the federal government with the authority to tax, spend, and regulate interstate commerce

Question 9

Police Power

Answer 9

Authority of governmental public health based on the power of state government to pass legislation and implement actions to protect the common good

Question 10

Reciprocal Determinism

Answer 10

A component of social cognitive theory describing the dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior

Question 11

“Health in All Policies” approach

Answer 11

A comprehensive approach where private and public entities, across sectors, work toward common goals to achieve improved health for all and reduce health inequities

Question 12

Social Marketing - 4 P’s

Answer 12

The use of marketing theory, skills, and practice to achieve social change, for example, in health promotion

Question 13

Inform of Decision

Answer 13

A decision-making approach in which a clinician is merely expected to inform the patient of what is planned

Question 14

Informed Decision Making-Informed Consent

Answer 14

A decision-making approach in which a clinician is expected to provide information and obtain agreement to proceed from the patient

Question 15

Shared Decision Making

Answer 15

A decision-making approach in which a clinician is expected to directly or indirectly provide information and option for intervention to a patient and then rely on the patient to synthesize the information and make his or her own decision

Question 16

Nuremberg Code

Answer 16

1. voluntary consent is essential
2. Experiment should yield fruitful results for the good of society
3. Should be designed & based on the results of animal experimentation & knowledge of history of the disease
4. should be conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental harm
5. no experiment should be conducted where there is reason that death/disabling injury will occur
6. the degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the environment
7. Proper preparations should be made
8. should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons
9. human subjects should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible
10. scientists in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage

Question 17

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 17

An institution-based group that is mandated by federal regulations to review human research conducted at the institution and determine whether it meets federally defined research standards

Question 18

Vital Statistics

Answer 18

Birth, death, marriage, divorce; reporting of key communicable and specially selected noncommunicable-disease

Question 19

Self-imposed Risk

Answer 19

A potential threat an individual knowingly and willingly takes on through his or her own actions, such as choosing not to wear a motorcycle helmet while riding a motorcycle

Question 20

Imposed Risk

Answer 20

A potential threat to the health of individuals and populations that is not under their direct control, such as exposure to environmental toxins from a local factory

Question 21

Market Justice

Answer 21

The philosophy that market forces should be relied upon the organize the delivery of healthcare services

Question 22

Infant Mortality Rate

Answer 22

A population health status measure that estimates the rate of death in the first year of life

Question 23

Mainstream Factors

Answer 23

Factors affecting behavior that result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group or population, such as peer pressure to smoke or the level of taxation on cigarettes

Question 24

Downstream Factors

Answer 24

Factors affecting behavior that directly involve an individual and can potentially be altered by individual interventions, such as an addiction to nicotine

Question 25

Upstream Factors

Answer 25

Factors affecting behavior that are grounded in social structures and policies, such as government-sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production

Question 26

Home Rule

Answer 26

Authority granted to local jurisdictions, such as cities or countries, by state constitutions or state legislative actions

Question 27

What factors are included in one’s socioeconomic status?

Answer 27

Family income, educational levels or parent’s education levels, professional status or parent’s professional status

Question 28

What are the 5 constructs of the Stages of Change Model? (Transtheoretical Stage of Change Model)

Answer 28

1. precontemplation: implies that an individual has not yet considered changing his or her behavior
2. contemplation - implies that an individual is actively thinking about the benefits and barriers to change
3. preparation - the individual is developing a plan of action
4. action phase - when the change in behavior takes place
5. maintenance phase - in which the new behavior becomes a permanent part of an individual’s lifestyle

Question 29

What are the three concepts of reciprocal determinism?

Answer 29

Behavior, person, environment

Question 30

What are the 7 constructs of Health Belief Model?

Answer 30

Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, modifying variables, cues to action, self efficacy

Question 31

Perceived susceptibility

Answer 31

an individual’s opinion of getting a condition

Question 32

perceived severity

Answer 32

an individual’s opinion of how serious a condition is an its consequences

Question 33

perceived benefits

Answer 33

an individual’s belief in the advised action to reduce risk and/or severity of condition

Question 34

perceived barriers

Answer 34

an individual’s belief about the costs

Question 35

modifying variables

Answer 35

individual characteristics that influence personal perceptions

Question 36

cues to action

Answer 36

strategies/events that encourage one’s “readiness” to act

Question 37

self-efficacy

Answer 37

belief in one’s ability to take action

Question 38

Components of Health Law, Policy, and ethics

Answer 38

Reflect a wide range of tools that society uses to encourage and discourage behaviors by individuals and groups

Question 39

7 S’s of quantitative sources of Public Health surveillance data and examples

Answer 39

1. single case/small series
2. statistics
3. surveys
4. self-reporting
5. sentinel monitoring
6. syndromic surveillance
7. social media

Question 40

6 aspects of health communication

Answer 40

Collect, compile, present, perceive, combine, decision making

Question 41

Examples of Influencing Behavior

Answer 41

Shaping norms, enforcing patterns of social control, providing opportunities to engage in healthy behaviors, encouraging selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy

Question 42

Is there a right to healthcare in the US?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

What are the 8 constructs of the Social Cognitive theory?

Answer 43

Self-efficacy, observational learning, expectations, expectancies, emotional arousal, behavioral capability, reinforcement, locus of control

Question 44

What are the 5 constructs to Diffusion of Innovation?

Answer 44

Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation

Question 45

What are the 9 constructs of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model?

Answer 45

Social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral and environmental assessment, educational and organizational assessment, administrative and policy assessment, implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation

Question 46

What models/theories are classified under the Intrapersonal level?

Answer 46

Health Belief Model, Stages of Change Model, Theory of Planned Behavior

Question 47

How can socioeconomic status, culture, and religion affect health?

Answer 47

It may affect living conditions, overall educational opportunities, educational opportunities for women, occupational exposures, access to goods and services, family size, exposures to high risk behavior, environmental

Question 48

What models/theories are classified under the Interpersonal level?

Answer 48

Social Cognitive Theory, Reciprocal determinism

Question 49

What models/theories are classified under the Population/Community Level?

Answer 49

Diffusion of Innovation

Question 50

What protections/promises are given to subjects participating in research?

Answer 50

The Belmont Report focuses on key issues of defining informed consent and the selection of participants and led to the development of institutional review boards (IRBs), which now must approve most human research. The report explains that it must follow 3 basic ethical principle:
-Respect for persons, beneficence, justice