Unit 2 Study Guide Flashcards
DALY
A population health status measure that incorporates measures of death and disability and allows for measurement of the impact of categories of diseases and risk factors
HALE
A population health status measure that combines life expectancy with a measure of the population’s overall quality of health
QALY’s
A measurement that asks about the number of life-years saved by an intervention rather than the number of lives
HRQOL
A health status measure that reflects the number of unhealthy days due to physical plus mental impairment. HRQOL provides an overall quality of health measure, but it doesn’t incorporate health systems
Under 5 Mortality
AA population health status measure that estimates the probability of dying during the first 5 years of life
SUCCESs Principles
Simplicity, Unexpectedness, Concreteness, Credibility, Emotions, and Stories
Socioeconomic Status
In the US, a measurement using scales reflecting eduction, income, and professional status
Interstate Commerce Clause
Provides the federal government with the authority to tax, spend, and regulate interstate commerce
Police Power
Authority of governmental public health based on the power of state government to pass legislation and implement actions to protect the common good
Reciprocal Determinism
A component of social cognitive theory describing the dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior
“Health in All Policies” approach
A comprehensive approach where private and public entities, across sectors, work toward common goals to achieve improved health for all and reduce health inequities
Social Marketing - 4 P’s
The use of marketing theory, skills, and practice to achieve social change, for example, in health promotion
Inform of Decision
A decision-making approach in which a clinician is merely expected to inform the patient of what is planned
Informed Decision Making-Informed Consent
A decision-making approach in which a clinician is expected to provide information and obtain agreement to proceed from the patient
Shared Decision Making
A decision-making approach in which a clinician is expected to directly or indirectly provide information and option for intervention to a patient and then rely on the patient to synthesize the information and make his or her own decision
Nuremberg Code
- voluntary consent is essential
- Experiment should yield fruitful results for the good of society
- Should be designed & based on the results of animal experimentation & knowledge of history of the disease
- should be conducted as to avoid all unnecessary physical and mental harm
- no experiment should be conducted where there is reason that death/disabling injury will occur
- the degree of risk to be taken should never exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved by the environment
- Proper preparations should be made
- should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons
- human subjects should be at liberty to bring the experiment to an end if he has reached the physical or mental state where continuation of the experiment seems to him to be impossible
- scientists in charge must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
An institution-based group that is mandated by federal regulations to review human research conducted at the institution and determine whether it meets federally defined research standards
Vital Statistics
Birth, death, marriage, divorce; reporting of key communicable and specially selected noncommunicable-disease
Self-imposed Risk
A potential threat an individual knowingly and willingly takes on through his or her own actions, such as choosing not to wear a motorcycle helmet while riding a motorcycle
Imposed Risk
A potential threat to the health of individuals and populations that is not under their direct control, such as exposure to environmental toxins from a local factory
Market Justice
The philosophy that market forces should be relied upon the organize the delivery of healthcare services
Infant Mortality Rate
A population health status measure that estimates the rate of death in the first year of life
Mainstream Factors
Factors affecting behavior that result from the relationship of an individual with a larger group or population, such as peer pressure to smoke or the level of taxation on cigarettes
Downstream Factors
Factors affecting behavior that directly involve an individual and can potentially be altered by individual interventions, such as an addiction to nicotine
Upstream Factors
Factors affecting behavior that are grounded in social structures and policies, such as government-sponsored programs that encourage tobacco production
Home Rule
Authority granted to local jurisdictions, such as cities or countries, by state constitutions or state legislative actions
What factors are included in one’s socioeconomic status?
Family income, educational levels or parent’s education levels, professional status or parent’s professional status
What are the 5 constructs of the Stages of Change Model? (Transtheoretical Stage of Change Model)
- precontemplation: implies that an individual has not yet considered changing his or her behavior
- contemplation - implies that an individual is actively thinking about the benefits and barriers to change
- preparation - the individual is developing a plan of action
- action phase - when the change in behavior takes place
- maintenance phase - in which the new behavior becomes a permanent part of an individual’s lifestyle
What are the three concepts of reciprocal determinism?
Behavior, person, environment
What are the 7 constructs of Health Belief Model?
Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, modifying variables, cues to action, self efficacy
Perceived susceptibility
an individual’s opinion of getting a condition
perceived severity
an individual’s opinion of how serious a condition is an its consequences
perceived benefits
an individual’s belief in the advised action to reduce risk and/or severity of condition
perceived barriers
an individual’s belief about the costs
modifying variables
individual characteristics that influence personal perceptions
cues to action
strategies/events that encourage one’s “readiness” to act
self-efficacy
belief in one’s ability to take action
Components of Health Law, Policy, and ethics
Reflect a wide range of tools that society uses to encourage and discourage behaviors by individuals and groups
7 S’s of quantitative sources of Public Health surveillance data and examples
- single case/small series
- statistics
- surveys
- self-reporting
- sentinel monitoring
- syndromic surveillance
- social media
6 aspects of health communication
Collect, compile, present, perceive, combine, decision making
Examples of Influencing Behavior
Shaping norms, enforcing patterns of social control, providing opportunities to engage in healthy behaviors, encouraging selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy
Is there a right to healthcare in the US?
No
What are the 8 constructs of the Social Cognitive theory?
Self-efficacy, observational learning, expectations, expectancies, emotional arousal, behavioral capability, reinforcement, locus of control
What are the 5 constructs to Diffusion of Innovation?
Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, confirmation
What are the 9 constructs of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model?
Social assessment, epidemiological assessment, behavioral and environmental assessment, educational and organizational assessment, administrative and policy assessment, implementation, process evaluation, impact evaluation, outcome evaluation
What models/theories are classified under the Intrapersonal level?
Health Belief Model, Stages of Change Model, Theory of Planned Behavior
How can socioeconomic status, culture, and religion affect health?
It may affect living conditions, overall educational opportunities, educational opportunities for women, occupational exposures, access to goods and services, family size, exposures to high risk behavior, environmental
What models/theories are classified under the Interpersonal level?
Social Cognitive Theory, Reciprocal determinism
What models/theories are classified under the Population/Community Level?
Diffusion of Innovation
What protections/promises are given to subjects participating in research?
The Belmont Report focuses on key issues of defining informed consent and the selection of participants and led to the development of institutional review boards (IRBs), which now must approve most human research. The report explains that it must follow 3 basic ethical principle:
-Respect for persons, beneficence, justice
