Unit 2 Study Flashcards
total fertility rate
total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years
population pyramids
a graph that shows the distribution of ages across a population divided down the center between male and female members of the population
dependency ratio
percentage of people within a population who are either too young or too old to work and must therefore be supported by the labor of working adults within that population
world’s most populated region
Asia
1st most populated country
India (1,428,627,663)
2nd most populated country
China (1,425,671,352)
3rd most populated country
United States (339,996,563)
4th most populated country
Indonesia (277,534,122)
5th most populated country
Pakistan (240,485,658)
6th most populated country
Nigeria (223,804,632)
7th most populated country
Brazil (216,422,446)
8th most populated country
Bangladesh (172,954,319)
9th most populated country
Russia (144,444,359)
10th most populated country
Mexico (128,455,567)
demographic transition
a generalised description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic system to another
Demographic Transition: Stage 1
high birth rate and a high death rate - no natural increase
Demographic Transition: Stage 2
rapid decrease in a country’s death rate while the birth rate remains high - very high natural increase
Demographic Transition: Stage 3
death rates are low and birth rates decrease - natural increase is low
Demographic Transition: Stage 4
mortality and birth rates are low - no natural increase
push factors
factors that encourage an individual to migrate away from a certain place
pull factor
positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas
EG Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
1) Most Migrants Go Only Short Distances
2) Migration Goes by Steps (Step-by-Step)
3) Long-Distance Migrants Prefer to Go to Big Cities
4) Migration Flows Produce Counter-Flows
5) People from Urban Areas Migrate Less than Rural People
internal migration pattern in the US
the population has moved westward and from rural to urban areas as places become increasingly industrialized
net out-migration
the number of emigrants exceeds the immigrants
mobility
the ability to move from one location to another
intervening obstacles
an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
forced migration
permanent movement compelled usually by political factors (refugees)
brain drain
large-scale emigration of talented people
Main factor causing migrants to move
economic
Zero population growth and total fertility rate
the total fertility rate is at replacement level and birth and death rates are stable
Malthus Core Principals
- Food is essential for life
- Population increases faster than the food supply
- Malthus predicted that the population would grow until it reached the limit of food supply, and then there would be widespread poverty and famine
the impact of the Industrial Revolution on demographic transition
increased the relative wages of women and triggered the start of the demographic transition (from high birth and mortality rates to low birth and mortality rates)
the obstacles preventing Eastern Europeans from leaving their homes between World War II and the 1990s
communist control over the region
the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act
issued hundreds of thousands of visas to undocumented immigrants, making them legal migrants as well as required employers to attest to their employees’ immigration status and made it illegal to hire or recruit unauthorized immigrants knowingly
clearly identify the main source areas and explain two key push factors associated with the early twentieth-century peaks in immigration to the United States
The main source areas were Southern and Eastern Europe. One of the key push factors is World War 1 which mainly took place in Europe so may refugees entered the U.S. Another key factor were the economic conditions because due to the war job opportunities went down.
Clearly explain how change in the economic structure of the United States promoted immigration in the early twentieth century
There were many job opportunities which helped emigrants when they went into the United States. World War 1 boasted the American industry in manufacturing. There was a demand for wartime product and America was one of the greatest suppliers of food to Britain which gave a wide variety of jobs for the immigrants.
clearly identify the main source areas and explain two key push factors associated with the late twentieth-century peak in immigration to the United States
The main source areas of late twentieth-century immigrants are Asia and Latin America. Two key push factors are little economic gain and corrupt governments. Latin Americans had a desire for better freedoms and countries like China wanted to escape the communist government.
clearly discuss how change in the economic structure of the United States promoted immigration in the late twentieth century.
There was change in the economic structure of the United States due to America becoming more a technology powered country. This caused may smart individuals to immigrate in such of a more successful and wealthy life.
processes that contribute to the general patterns of migration within the United States in terms of each of economic structure, Friction of distance, and age structure of the population
economic structure:
Loss of secondary-sector jobs leads to out-migration from these areas
friction of distance:
People are willing to commute or move greater distances because of improved transportation and/or communication (friction of distance is less important than it was previously)
age structure of the population:
Retirees move to retirement areas such as the Sun Belt or Florida to take advantage of weather, amenities, etc., while young people move to areas for more employment choices
