Unit 2 Soc Test

Question 1

Bourgeoise

Answer 1

the capitalist class.

Question 2

Proletariat

Answer 2

the working class.

Question 3

Social Mobility

Answer 3

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society.

Question 4

Social Stratification

Answer 4

refers to a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

Question 5

Income

Answer 5

money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or government assistance), or from returns on investments.

Question 6

Wealth

Answer 6

a family’s or individual’s net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts).

Question 7

Absolute Poverty

Answer 7

Absolute poverty the point at which a household’s income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members.

Question 8

Relative Poverty

Answer 8

a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location.

Question 9

Cultural Capital

Answer 9

the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations.

Question 10

Feminism

Answer 10

consciousness- raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect.

Question 11

Sex

Answer 11

the biological differences that distinguish males from females.

Question 12

Gender

Answer 12

a social position; the set of social arrangements that are built around normative sex categories.

Question 13

Sexuality

Answer 13

desire, sexual preference, and sexual identity and behavior.

Question 14

Matrix of Domination

Answer 14

a sociological paradigm that explains issues of oppression that deal with race, class, and gender, which, though recognized as different social classifications, are all interconnected

Question 15

Intersectionality

Answer 15

the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage

Question 16

Gender Pay Gap

Answer 16

Women, on average, earn less than men in virtually every single occupation for which there is sufficient earnings data for both men and women to calculate an earnings ratio.

Question 17

Glass Ceiling

Answer 17

an invisible limit on women’s climb up the occupational ladder.

Question 18

Glass Escalator

Answer 18

the accelerated promotion of men to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs.

Question 19

One-Drop Rule

Answer 19

One-drop rule the belief that “one drop” of black blood makes a person black, a concept that evolved from U.S. laws forbidding miscegenation.

Question 20

Race

Answer 20

a group of people who share a set of characteristics— typically, but not always, physical ones— and are said to share a common bloodline.

Question 21

Ethnicity

Answer 21

one’s ethnic quality or affiliation. It is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchal, fluid and multiple, and based on cultural differences, not physical ones per se.

Question 22

Racialization

Answer 22

the formation of a new racial identity by drawing ideological boundaries of difference around a formerly unnoticed group of people.

Question 23

White Privilege

Answer 23

a term for societal privileges that benefit people identified as white in Western countries, beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances

Question 24

Institutional Racism

Answer 24

institutions and social dynamics that may seem race-neutral but actually disadvantage minority groups.

Question 25

Charismatic Authority

Answer 25

authority that rests on the personal appeal of an individual leader.

Question 26

Traditional Authority

Answer 26

authority that rests on appeals to the past or traditions.

Question 27

Legal-Rational Authority

Answer 27

authority based on legal, impersonal rules; the rules rule.

Question 28

Politics

Answer 28

power relations among people or other social actors.

Question 29

Authority

Answer 29

the justifiable right to exercise power.

Question 30

Power

Answer 30

the ability to carry out one’s own will despite resistance.

Question 31

State

Answer 31

as defined by Max Weber, “a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory.”

Question 32

Buraeucracy

Answer 32

seek to make routine tasks efficient and to provide power in a disorderly world.

Question 33

Welfare State

Answer 33

a system in which the state is responsible for the well- being of its citizens.

Question 34

Political Party

Answer 34

a group of voters organized to support certain public policies

Question 35

Republicans

Answer 35

state regulation of morality; uphold tradition/ religious ideals; limited government and free markets

Question 36

Democrats

Answer 36

secular government; promotion of equality; social/economic intervention

Question 37

Political Ideology

Answer 37

a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, and/or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order.

Question 38

Family Structure

Answer 38

Women are in charge of spending the money, not earning it

Question 39

Second Shift

Answer 39

women’s responsibility for housework and child care— everything from cooking dinner to doing laundry, bathing children, reading bedtime stories, and sewing Halloween costumes.

Question 40

Education

Answer 40

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed.

Question 41

Accountability

Answer 41

a rational theory of how schools should operate, based on constant monitoring of schools’ progress in meeting standardized goals, and used to establish legitimacy

Question 42

Achievement Gap

Answer 42

gap between whites and blacks and how well they are doing in school.

Question 43

School-to-prison Pipeline

Answer 43

a metaphor used to describe the increasing patterns of contact students have with the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems as a result of the recent practices implemented by educational institutions

Question 44

Affirmative Action

Answer 44

a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population—typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities.

Question 45

Credentialism

Answer 45

an overemphasis on credentials (e.g., college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job.

Question 46

Capitalism

Answer 46

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

Question 47

Socialism

Answer 47

an economic system in which most or all of the needs of the population are met through nonmarket methods of distribution.

Question 48

Communism

Answer 48

a political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are tied not to productivity but to need.

Question 49

Union

Answer 49

an organization of workers designed to facilitate collective bargaining with an employer.

Question 50

Corporation

Answer 50

a legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members—namely, its owners and shareholders.

Question 51

Motherhood Penalty

Answer 51

is a term coined by sociologists who argue that in the workplace, working mothers encounter systematic disadvantages in pay, perceived competence, and benefits relative to childless women.

Question 52

Family Wage

Answer 52

is a wage that is sufficient to raise a family

Question 53

Sick Role

Answer 53

concept describing the social rights and obligations of a sick individual

Question 54

Mortality Rate

Answer 54

death, especially on a large scale

Question 55

Morbidity Rate

Answer 55

the frequency with which a disease appears in a population.

Question 56

Medicalization

Answer 56

the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such.

Question 57

social class

Answer 57

An individual’s position in a stratified social order

Question 58

implicit bias

Answer 58

Subconscious negative attitudes that people hold and activate in split-second decisions about others

Question 59

polarization

Answer 59

the segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real-estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high-income to low-income.

Question 60

institution

Answer 60

Any structure or mechanism of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals within a given community.

Question 61

social determinants theory

Answer 61

The theory that having a lower socioeconomic status causes higher morbidity and mortality