Unit 2: Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges

Question 1

Where is urbanisation happening the fastest and why?

Answer 1

Low income countries because they are the least economically developed

Question 2

What is the definition for rural-urban migration?

Answer 2

The movement of people from the countryside to the cities

Question 3

What are push and pull factors?

Answer 3

Push - Factors encouraging people to leave an area
Pull - Factors encouraging people to move to the area

Question 4

What are examples of push and pull factors ?

Answer 4

Push - Natural disasters can destroy farmland which is essential in rural areas, poor education, poor healthcare
Pull - More jobs in urban areas with better pay, better education, better healthcare and better quality of life

Question 5

What is the annual population growth rate of Lagos in %?

Answer 5

3.2%

Question 6

Why is Lagos important to Nigeria?

Answer 6

Home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry as well as many global companies

Question 7

Why is Lagos important to the world?

Answer 7

Main financial centre for the whole of west Africa and the 5th largest economy on the continent, it also has an international port and airport used for global trade

Question 8

What are the two main factors that have caused Lagos’ recent growth?

Answer 8

Natural increase and Migration

Question 9

What are the two types of opportunities provided with urban growth in Lagos?

Answer 9

Social
Economic

Question 10

What are the 4 main social opportunities included?

Answer 10

• More healthcare centres, hospitals and better medicine in Lagos
• There are almost 20,000 schools so education levels are much higher here
• Better access to electricity than most of Nigeria so people can light homes and cook easier
  Water treatment plans provide safe drinking water to some areas of Lagos

Question 11

What are the 3 main economic opportunities included?

Answer 11

• Rapid growth means there are more jobs in construction
• Lagos is home to many of Nigeria’s banks, government departments and manufacturing industries with two major ports too
• Thriving film and music industry called Nollywood

Question 12

What are the 5 problems that rapid urban growth causes?

Answer 12

Slums and squatter settlements - 66% of people in Lagos live here
Lack of water, energy and sanitation - Only 40% of Lagos is connected to water supply
Limited access to healthcare and education - Not enough facilities for people
Unemployment and crime - 60% of population work in informal jobs/illegal jobs
Environmental issues - 9000 tonnes of waste a day and Olusosun creates toxic waste

Question 13

What are urban planning schemes?

Answer 13

Schemes that aim to improve quality of life in Lagos

Question 14

What is the example of an urban planning scheme in Lagos?

Answer 14

Makoko floating school providing the poorest children with free education

Question 15

What are the social, economic and environmental benefits of this scheme?

Answer 15

Social - Over 100 students educated and built by unskilled workers who picked up skills in order to build and repair their own homes
Economic - Provides jobs for local teachers and improves children’s job prospects
Environmental - Made from locally sourced materials, powered by solar energy

Question 16

What are the 9 measures of development?

Answer 16

GNI (gross national income)
GNI per head
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
People per doctor
Literacy rate
Access to water
Life expectancy

Question 17

How is HDI calculated?

Answer 17

Using GNI per head (income), life expectancy and education level showing a country’s level of economic development

Question 18

What does the demographic transition model measure?

Answer 18

How birth rates and death rates affect populations

Question 19

What are examples of countries at each stage?

Answer 19

Stage 1 - Tribal communities in Brazil
Stage 2 - Gambia
Stage 3 - India
Stage 4 - UK
Stage 5 - Japan

Question 20

What are birth rates at each stage of the DTM model?

Answer 20

Stage 1 - High and fluctuating
Stage 2 - High and steady
Stage 3 - Rapidly falling
Stage 4 - Low and fluctuating
Stage 5 - Low and steady

Question 21

What are death rates at each stage of the DTM model?

Answer 21

Stage 1 - High and fluctuating
Stage 2 - Rapidly falling
Stage 3 - Slowly falling
Stage 4 - Low and fluctuating
Stage 5 - Low and steady

Question 22

What are the 4 physical factors affecting a country’s development?

Answer 22

Poor climate
Poor farming land
Few raw materials
Lots of natural disasters

Question 23

What are the 3 economic factors affecting a country’s development?

Answer 23

Poor trade links
Lots of debt
Economy based on primary products

Question 24

What are the two historical affecting a country’s development?

Answer 24

Colonisation
Conflict

Question 25

What does uneven development cause?

Answer 25

Large differences in wealth and health leading to international migration

Question 26

What are the 7 strategies that can reduce the development gap?

Answer 26

Investment Aid Fair trade Use of Intermediate technology Microfinance loans Industrial development Debt relief

Question 27

What is an example for economic development?

Answer 27

India is a NEE country

Question 28

What are the four ways development is happening in India?

Answer 28

Political Social Cultural Environmental

Question 29

How are the different types of industry causing India's rapid growth?

Answer 29

Primary - Employs 42% of working population and is reducing Secondary - In 1999 only 16% worked in this industry, in 2018, 24% worked here Tertiary and Quaternary - Employs 34% of work force and provides for 62% of whole economy

Question 30

What are the 3 essential resources globally?

Answer 30

Food Water Energy

Question 31

What types of food are now becoming more popular in the UK?

Answer 31

High value (exotic) foods - Imported from foreign countries Seasonal products - Only available in certain months so this is imported all year round Organic produce - No artificial fertilisers used when growing plants

Question 32

How is the carbon footprint of our food growing?

Answer 32

Long distances of transportation from foreign countries to the UK

Question 33

What are the 3 ways farming is becoming more industrialised?

Answer 33

Farm sizes have increased Amount of chemicals and fertilisers used are increased Special feed given to animals to encourage growth

Question 34

What are areas of water surplus and deficit?

Answer 34

Surplus - Where there is greater supply then demand Deficit - Where there is greater demand than supply

Question 35

Where do these areas appear in the UK?

Answer 35

Surplus - North and West of the UK where rainfall is the highest Deficit - South east and Midlands where population density is highest

Question 36

How can water be managed in the UK?

Answer 36

Water from areas of surplus can be transferred by underground pipelines to areas of water deficit in order to balance levels and provide sufficient amounts for everybody

Question 37

How does the UK's energy mix look?

Answer 37

Coal - around 15% of UK energy supply Oil - around 33% Gas - around 33% Nuclear - around 5% Wind/hydro - around 2% Bioenergy - around 5%

Question 38

How has the UK's energy mix changed recently?

Answer 38

Use of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas have decreased hugely as resources become more limited and usage of renewable energy has began to increase across the UK

Question 39

What is energy security?

Answer 39

Having a reliable, uninterrupted and affordable supply of energy

Question 40

What 3 factors affect a country's energy security?

Answer 40

Available supplies Population size Amount used per person

Question 41

What countries have large oil reserves?

Answer 41

Iran, Saudi Arabia, UK and Russia

Question 42

What countries have large coal reserves?

Answer 42

China and Australia

Question 43

What countries have large gas reserves?

Answer 43

UK and Russia

Question 44

What are the three main reasons that global demand for energy is increasing?

Answer 44

Increasing population Economic development Technological advancements

Question 45

What are the 4 factors affecting energy supply?

Answer 45

Technological factors Physical Factors Economic Factors Political Factors

Question 46

What are the 4 impacts of energy insecurity?

Answer 46

Industrial output Environmental and economic costs Food production Potential for conflict

Question 47

What are the 7 main renewable energy sources?

Answer 47

Solar Hydroelectric Geothermal Tidal Wave Wind Biomass

Question 48

How can we increase energy supplies from non-renewable resources?

Answer 48

Searching for new energy reserves or further exploiting reserves that have been discovered and as technology develops we are able to extract hard-to-access energy

Question 49

What are the advantages of fracking?

Answer 49

- Lots of shale gas is available in the UK - Fracking increases the UK's energy security - Gas is less polluting than other fossil fuels - Fracking is cheaper than some renewable energy sources

Question 50

What are the disadvantages of fracking?

Answer 50

- Not sustainable and produces CO2 when extracted - Risks pollution of water and air - Can cause mini-earthquakes - Uses lots of water

Question 51

What is the enquiry question for Swanage?

Answer 51

To what extent are groynes at Swanage beach effective

Question 52

What is the enquiry question for Marlow?

Answer 52

How does environmental quality vary in Marlow