Unit 2: Section A: Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards
Where is urbanisation happening the fastest and why?
Low income countries because they are the least economically developed
What is the definition for rural-urban migration?
The movement of people from the countryside to the cities
What are push and pull factors?
Push - Factors encouraging people to leave an area
Pull - Factors encouraging people to move to the area
What are examples of push and pull factors ?
Push - Natural disasters can destroy farmland which is essential in rural areas, poor education, poor healthcare
Pull - More jobs in urban areas with better pay, better education, better healthcare and better quality of life
What is the annual population growth rate of Lagos in %?
3.2%
Why is Lagos important to Nigeria?
Home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry as well as many global companies
Why is Lagos important to the world?
Main financial centre for the whole of west Africa and the 5th largest economy on the continent, it also has an international port and airport used for global trade
What are the two main factors that have caused Lagos’ recent growth?
Natural increase and Migration
What are the two types of opportunities provided with urban growth in Lagos?
Social
Economic
What are the 4 main social opportunities included?
- More healthcare centres, hospitals and better medicine in Lagos
- There are almost 20,000 schools so education levels are much higher here
- Better access to electricity than most of Nigeria so people can light homes and cook easier
Water treatment plans provide safe drinking water to some areas of Lagos
What are the 3 main economic opportunities included?
- Rapid growth means there are more jobs in construction
- Lagos is home to many of Nigeria’s banks, government departments and manufacturing industries with two major ports too
- Thriving film and music industry called Nollywood
What are the 5 problems that rapid urban growth causes?
Slums and squatter settlements - 66% of people in Lagos live here
Lack of water, energy and sanitation - Only 40% of Lagos is connected to water supply
Limited access to healthcare and education - Not enough facilities for people
Unemployment and crime - 60% of population work in informal jobs/illegal jobs
Environmental issues - 9000 tonnes of waste a day and Olusosun creates toxic waste
What are urban planning schemes?
Schemes that aim to improve quality of life in Lagos
What is the example of an urban planning scheme in Lagos?
Makoko floating school providing the poorest children with free education
What are the social, economic and environmental benefits of this scheme?
Social - Over 100 students educated and built by unskilled workers who picked up skills in order to build and repair their own homes
Economic - Provides jobs for local teachers and improves children’s job prospects
Environmental - Made from locally sourced materials, powered by solar energy
What are the 9 measures of development?
GNI (gross national income)
GNI per head
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality rate
People per doctor
Literacy rate
Access to water
Life expectancy
How is HDI calculated?
Using GNI per head (income), life expectancy and education level showing a country’s level of economic development
What does the demographic transition model measure?
How birth rates and death rates affect populations
What are examples of countries at each stage?
Stage 1 - Tribal communities in Brazil
Stage 2 - Gambia
Stage 3 - India
Stage 4 - UK
Stage 5 - Japan
What are birth rates at each stage of the DTM model?
Stage 1 - High and fluctuating
Stage 2 - High and steady
Stage 3 - Rapidly falling
Stage 4 - Low and fluctuating
Stage 5 - Low and steady
What are death rates at each stage of the DTM model?
Stage 1 - High and fluctuating
Stage 2 - Rapidly falling
Stage 3 - Slowly falling
Stage 4 - Low and fluctuating
Stage 5 - Low and steady
What are the 4 physical factors affecting a country’s development?
Poor climate
Poor farming land
Few raw materials
Lots of natural disasters
What are the 3 economic factors affecting a country’s development?
Poor trade links
Lots of debt
Economy based on primary products
What are the two historical affecting a country’s development?
Colonisation
Conflict
What does uneven development cause?
Large differences in wealth and health leading to international migration
What are the 7 strategies that can reduce the development gap?
Investment
Aid
Fair trade
Use of Intermediate technology
Microfinance loans
Industrial development
Debt relief
What is an example for economic development?
India is a NEE country
What are the four ways development is happening in India?
Political
Social
Cultural
Environmental
How are the different types of industry causing India’s rapid growth?
Primary - Employs 42% of working population and is reducing
Secondary - In 1999 only 16% worked in this industry, in 2018, 24% worked here
Tertiary and Quaternary - Employs 34% of work force and provides for 62% of whole economy
What are the 3 essential resources globally?
Food
Water
Energy
What types of food are now becoming more popular in the UK?
High value (exotic) foods - Imported from foreign countries
Seasonal products - Only available in certain months so this is imported all year round
Organic produce - No artificial fertilisers used when growing plants
How is the carbon footprint of our food growing?
Long distances of transportation from foreign countries to the UK
What are the 3 ways farming is becoming more industrialised?
Farm sizes have increased
Amount of chemicals and fertilisers used are increased
Special feed given to animals to encourage growth
What are areas of water surplus and deficit?
Surplus - Where there is greater supply then demand
Deficit - Where there is greater demand than supply
Where do these areas appear in the UK?
Surplus - North and West of the UK where rainfall is the highest
Deficit - South east and Midlands where population density is highest
How can water be managed in the UK?
Water from areas of surplus can be transferred by underground pipelines to areas of water deficit in order to balance levels and provide sufficient amounts for everybody
How does the UK’s energy mix look?
Coal - around 15% of UK energy supply
Oil - around 33%
Gas - around 33%
Nuclear - around 5%
Wind/hydro - around 2%
Bioenergy - around 5%
How has the UK’s energy mix changed recently?
Use of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas have decreased hugely as resources become more limited and usage of renewable energy has began to increase across the UK
What is energy security?
Having a reliable, uninterrupted and affordable supply of energy
What 3 factors affect a country’s energy security?
Available supplies
Population size
Amount used per person
What countries have large oil reserves?
Iran, Saudi Arabia, UK and Russia
What countries have large coal reserves?
China and Australia
What countries have large gas reserves?
UK and Russia
What are the three main reasons that global demand for energy is increasing?
Increasing population
Economic development
Technological advancements
What are the 4 factors affecting energy supply?
Technological factors
Physical Factors
Economic Factors
Political Factors
What are the 4 impacts of energy insecurity?
Industrial output
Environmental and economic costs
Food production
Potential for conflict
What are the 7 main renewable energy sources?
Solar
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Tidal
Wave
Wind
Biomass
How can we increase energy supplies from non-renewable resources?
Searching for new energy reserves or further exploiting reserves that have been discovered and as technology develops we are able to extract hard-to-access energy
What are the advantages of fracking?
- Lots of shale gas is available in the UK
- Fracking increases the UK’s energy security
- Gas is less polluting than other fossil fuels
- Fracking is cheaper than some renewable energy sources
What are the disadvantages of fracking?
- Not sustainable and produces CO2 when extracted
- Risks pollution of water and air
- Can cause mini-earthquakes
- Uses lots of water
What is the enquiry question for Swanage?
To what extent are groynes at Swanage beach effective
What is the enquiry question for Marlow?
How does environmental quality vary in Marlow
