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Geography Yr10 > Unit 2 Section A - Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

Unit 2 Section A - Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

The increasing percentage of a population that comes to live in towns or cities (urban areas)

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2
Q

Global pattern of urban change: slowing

A

Urbanisation is slowing in high income countries (HICs)

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3
Q

Global pattern of urban change: greatest reate

A

The greatest rate of urbanisation is in low income countries (LICs) and newly emerging economies (NEEs)

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4
Q

What percentage of the world’s urban population is take place in where?

A

90% in Africa and Asia, especially India, China and Nigeria

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5
Q

Why do cities grow?

A

Natural increase and rural-urban migration

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6
Q

What is natural increase?

A

Where the birth rate is higher than the death rate

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7
Q

Why is natural increase higher in LICs and some NEEs?

A

There are lots of young adults aged 18-35 and improvements to health care have significantly lowered the death rate

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8
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A

The movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities

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9
Q

Push factors of rural-urban migration

A
  • Farming is hard and poorly paid
  • Farming is often at subsistence level, leaving nothing to sell
  • Rural areas are isolated, often with few services
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10
Q

Pull factors of rural-urban migration

A
  • A higher standard of living is possible
  • There are better medical facilities
  • There is a better chance of getting an education
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11
Q

What are megacities?

A

Cities with a population of over 10 million

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12
Q

Where are most megacities?

A

In less-developed countries

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13
Q

Features and examples of a slow-growing megacities

A

No squatter settlements, Tokyo, LA (often in HICs)

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14
Q

Features and examples of growing megacities

A

Under 20% in squatter settlements, Beijing, Rio de Janeiro (often in NEEs)

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15
Q

Features and examples of rapid-growing megacities

A

Over 20% in squatter settlements, Jakarta, Mumbai (often in NEEs or LICs)

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16
Q

Where is Rio de Janeiro located?

A

Around Guanabara Bay in the south-east of Brazil

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17
Q

What is the importance of Rio?

A
  • A ‘global city’
  • An important industrial and financial centre
  • A major regional, national, and international centre for many companies
  • An international transport hub
  • Seen as the cultural capital of Brazil
  • A UNESCO World Heritage Site
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18
Q

Why has Rio grown?

A

Migration and natural increase

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19
Q

How has Rio grown?

A

International migration, natural increase, internal migration (moving to Rio from other parts of Brazil (particularly from rural areas))

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20
Q

How has Rio grown? (International increase details)

A

Where: Portugal / When: Until the late 1800s / Why: Portugal is the former colonial power

Where: Germany & Japan / When: 20th century / Why: Labour for coffee plantations

Where: USA & UK / When: 21st century / Why: Skilled workers attracted by jobs

Where: South Korea, the Philippines & China / When: 21st century / Why: New business opportunities

Where: Portugal / When : 21st century / Why: Common language

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21
Q

How has urban growth created social opportunities?

A
  • High levels of investment in Rio have created features such as Rio’s Olympics in 2016
  • Many of Rio’s international migrants are skilled workers. They help to boost the diversity of the city
  • Money has been invested in health care and education
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22
Q

Access to services in Rio: Health

A
  • Residents have free health car and better access to hospitals than in other parts of Brazil
  • Health cover has increased from 4% to 70% for people in some slum areas
  • ‘Family health teams’ have each provided health care for up to 3,000 people
23
Q

Access to services in Rio: Education

A
  • Rio has over 1,000 primary schools, 400 secondary schools, and 6 universities
  • In the poorer favelas, NGOs such as ‘Schools for Tomorrow’ are working with communities to improve education provision
  • The government provides grants to help children remain in school
24
Q

Access to resources: Water Supply

A
  • Rio has the largest water treatment works in the world
  • About 96% of the city has safe piped water, though only 88% of houses in favelas are connected
25
Q

Access to resources: Energy

A
  • About 99% of the city’s residents have direct access to electricity
  • In the Santa Marta slum, a community energy programme has fitted over 150 solar panels to the roofs of many buildings which provide affordable, clean energy
26
Q

Rio’s economic opportunities for growth:

A
  • Rio is Brazil’s second most important industrial centre
  • There is a large labour supply with its growing population
  • Existing industries stimulate the development of new industries (multiplier effect)
  • A growing number of jobs are in the service sector and public services
  • The tourist and oil industries have helped to stimulate economic development
27
Q

Rio’s diverse range of industries include:

A
  • A rapidly expanding service and quaternary sector
  • Established traditional manufacturing industries such as printing, pharmaceuticals and food processing
28
Q

How have industrial areas stimulated economic development?

A
  • The Brazilian and local governments have benefited from tax revenues and investment into the city
  • Local people have secure employment, increasing disposable incomes and better health care and education
  • Local communities, particularly the favelas, have benefited from investment and self-help projects, improving service provision
    These industrial areas benefit from Rio’s port facilities.
    Oil refining and shipbuilding employ many local people and encourage supply chain industries to set up
29
Q

Challenges of managing slums

A

Rio’s slums are usually older, abandoned industrial or residential buildings. Often they:
- Are dangerously overcrowded
- Have inadequate services such as bathrooms and lighting
- Are owned by landlords who charge high rents

30
Q

Challenges of managing squatter settlements

A

Squatter settlements are unplanned invasions of land by homeless people. Favelas are the most common type of squatter settlement. They are self-built houses on public or private land.
Over time, services such as water and electricity may be introduced

31
Q

Challenges of living in favelas

A

Construction, Unemployment, Crime, Health, Services

32
Q

Challenges of living in favelas: Construction

A
  • Initially houses were poorly constructed. They are now built from concrete and brick
  • Heavy rain can cause landslides on steep slopes
33
Q

Challenges of living in favelas: Unemployment

A
  • Unemployment rates are as high as 20%
  • Average incomes may be less than £75 a month
34
Q

Challenges of living in favelas: Crime

A
  • A high murder rate of 20 per 1000 people in many favelas
  • Drug gangs can dominate
35
Q

Challenges of living in favelas: Health

A
  • Infant mortality rates are as high as 50 per 1000
  • Waste can build up in the street, increasing the danger of disease
36
Q

Challenges of living in favelas: Services

A

In the non-improved favelas:
- 12% of homes have no running water
- 30% have no electricity
- 50% have no sewage connections

37
Q

Managing water supply

A

Despite plentiful supply, around 12% of Rio’s population do not have access to clean running water
- The city does not have a duty to supply water to households in favelas where there is no legal proof of ownership
- Underground pipes are often access illegally
- Poor maintenance and leakages result in water being cut off

38
Q

Managing sanitation systems

A
  • The city’s infrastructure (pipes and sewage treatment works) cannot cope with the volume of waste
  • About 35% of Rio’s sewage is transferred in open sewers and dumping into Guanabara Bay
  • About 150 metric tons of industrial wastewater, which may be toxic or contaminate with chemicals, flows into the bay
  • Many houses in favelas are not connected to the sewage system because of legal land ownership issues
39
Q

Managing energy

A
  • About 99% of all homes in Rio have access to electricity
  • In favelas, the illegal tapping of electricity supply is common. This can lead to fires, electrocution and blackouts
  • Demand for energy is rising rapidly, due to Rio’s growing population and expanding industrial sector
40
Q

What puts pressure on the health and education systems?

A

The youthful population in Rio as there are a large number of children

41
Q

What are the challenges in health provision?

A
  • There are only 6 hospital and insufficient health clinics
  • Great social and economic inequalities across the city
    The challenges are particularly difficult in favelas:
  • On average, favela residents live 13 years less than people in wealthier parts of Rio
  • there are just 2 health clinics for a favela population of about 100,000
  • Many people suffer from diseases because of poor sanitation and a lack of safe water
  • The Covid-19 pandemic had devastating impacts on people living in overcrowded favelas
42
Q

What are the challenges in education provision?

A
  • About 90% of children aged 10 can read and write because there are more schools in Rio than in rural areas
  • About 25% of the poorest children do not attend school regularly
  • Only about half of children in Rio continue with education beyond the age of 14; reasons: shortage of local schools, teenage pregnancy, many children are expected to work
  • Violence and drug-related crime in favelas may shut schools
  • Schools were closed during Covid but most children didn’t have computers or internet access at home
43
Q

Challenges of unemployment

A
  • Huge inequalities in unemployment rates
  • High rates of unemployment are due to:
    –> economic recession in 2015, an economic crisis in 2018 when many people lost their jobs in public services, the 2016 Olympics created few long-term employment opportunities
44
Q

Challenges of crime

A
  • Robbery and violent crime occur regularly
  • Since 2017, the murder rate has increased by 20%
  • Police regularly target drug gangs in the favelas
45
Q

Environmental challenges in Rio: Waste disposal

A
  • Each year Rio produces 3.5 million tonnes of waste; less than 2% is recycles
  • In the favelas’ narrow, steep streets, waste collection is difficult; much of the waste enters rivers
46
Q

Environmental challenges in Rio: Water pollution

A
  • Guanabara Bay is highly polluted, threatening wildlife, fishing and tourism
  • Many of the rivers flowing into the bay are heavily polluted with sewage and waste
  • Industrial waste, oil spills and other ship discharges contaminate the bay
47
Q

Environmental challenges in Rio: Traffic congestion and air pollution

A
  • Rio is the most congested city in South America
  • Traffic delays cost businesses huge amounts of time and money
  • Air pollution is estimated to cause 5,000 deaths per year
48
Q

What was the Favela Bairro Project (1995-2009)?

A

A US$1 billion ‘slum-to-neighbourhood’ project that aimed to integrate Rio’s favelas into the fabric of the city

49
Q

Aims of the Favela Bairro Project: Social

A
  • Daycare and after-school care, enabling adults to seek secure employment
  • Improving adult literacy
  • Medical services for drug addiction, alcoholism and victims of domestic violence
50
Q

Aims of the Favela Bairro Project: Economic

A
  • Inhabitants can apply to own their properties legally
  • Access to credit to allow people to buy materials to improve their homes
51
Q

Aims of the Favela Bairro Project: Environmental

A
  • Replacement of wooden buildings with brick, making them permanent and resistant to the weather
  • Removal of houses from dangerous steep slopes
  • Infrastructure improvements (water, sanitation, electricity)
  • Improved access for waste collection and emergency services
52
Q

Successes of the Favela Bairro Project

A
  • By 2005, around 100 favelas were improved
  • Residents were granted land ownership, roads paved and new childcare centres opened
  • The quality of life, mobility and employment prospects of the inhabitants improved considerably
  • Training was made available in hygiene, computing and community development
53
Q

Issues of the Favela Bairro Project

A
  • Basic literacy was not addressed
  • Some of the new infrastructure improvements were costly and were not maintained
  • Increased rents in some of the improved favelas
  • New raised pavements have caused flooding of homes
  • Deaths from vector-borne diseases (e.g. malaria) have not reduced

Geography Yr10 (3 decks)

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