Unit 2 revision Flashcards
Graphic Difference
Spelling, punctuation, letter shape and paragraphing were different at that time
Lexical difference
Many words has disappeared without a trace and is known to be archaic
Phonological difference
The shape of familiar words have been altered significantly. Sound has also disappeared and pronunciation of words as altered
Grammatical difference
Doesnt follow subject verb object
Borrowing
To describe the linguistic forms that are taken over by one language from another.
Codified
Compiling systematic accounts for a language by adding grammar, dictionaries or style guides
Elision
- sound are left out
- Unstressed vowels are often deleted eg interesting, scenery
- Consonants can also disappear eg library
- function words eg pronoun are prone to vowel reduction
Insertion
Words are added where they previously dont exist for eg athelete or film
-words are added to make it easier to say
Assimilation
Sounds can be modified in various ways. Sound will change depending on the company they keep.
Eg handbag
Symmetry of change
The great vowel shift is remarkably symmetrical
Commonization
Names can enter the language as words eg blunnies
Acronyms
Words can form from the initials of other words eg figjam
Initialisms
Words can also be formed from the initials of other words but they’re nit pronounceable words like acronyms eg icymi
Compounding
The combination of two or more free morphemes is a very important word formation process eg bro hug
Shortening
People love to shorten words eg gorge
Affixation
The most important means we have of coming up with new words in english involves the addition of bound morphemes eg joy seeker
Blends
New words can also be formed from the contraction of two existing words eg mansplain
Broadening
Refers to the expansion of contexts in which a word can appear eg scrounger
Narrowing
Is when a word comes to mean only a part of what it originally meant; it is more common than broadening eg alcoholic beverage
Shift
Entails the total alteration pf the contexts, so a word comes to mean something completely different from what it once meant eg dag
Elevation
- pleasant overtone can gradually erode away, intensifying expressions, such as awesome
- words can take on favourable overtones eg politicians
Deterioration
Is much more usual than elevation- words are much more likely to acquire negative association
Prescriptive approach
A
