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Radiology Principles Class > Unit 2 Review Questions > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the controlling factor for IR exposure?

A

mAs

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2
Q

What are the influencing factors of IR Exposure?

A

-SID
-OID
-kVp
-Grid
-Beam restriction(Collimation)
-Screen factors
-Patient factors
-Anode heel effect

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3
Q

What is the controlling factor for subject contrast?

A

kVp

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4
Q

What are the influencing factors for subject contrast

A

-OID
-Grid
-Beam restriction(Collimation)
-Contrast media
-Patient factors
-Scatter
-Beam filtration

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5
Q

“Lowest contrast”

A

-High kVp, lowest OID, Scatter

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6
Q

“Highest Contrast”

A

-Low kVp, big grid ratio, collimation

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7
Q

Controlling factor for spatial resolution

A

Focal spot

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8
Q

Influencing factors for focal spot

A

-SID, OID, Motion

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9
Q

“Best spatial resolution”

A

-Small Focal spot, long SID, short OID

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10
Q

Controlling factor for size distortion

A

SID

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11
Q

Influencing factor for size distortion

A

OID

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12
Q

“Most size distortion” or “Most magnification”

A

-short SID, Big OID

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13
Q

Controlling factor for shape distortion

A

Positioning

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14
Q

What controls foreshortening?

A

Alignment of the part to the IR

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15
Q

What controls elongation?

A

Alignment of CR to IR

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16
Q

Shape distortion and Size distortion examples

A

-Shape: an AP axial foot with a 30 degree angle towards the heel
-Size: a PA chest at a 40” SID

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17
Q

Which factor will affect the total production of scatter radiation?

A

Collimation field size

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18
Q

Photoelectric effect interaction photons/electron

A

One photon in, one electron out

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19
Q

Coherent scatter interaction photons

A

Photon in, scattered photon out

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20
Q

Compton scatter photons and electron

A

One photon in, one electron and one scattered photon out

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21
Q

The following circumstances will increase the amount of photoelectric absorption

A

-Increase in atomic number of tissue
-Increase in tissue density
-Decrease in kVp

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22
Q

Circumstances that will increase the amount of Compton scatter

A

-Increase in tissue density
-Increase in volume of tissue
-Increase in kVp

23
Q

“Lowest exposure” is also known as

A

“Quantum mottle”

24
Q

“Lowest exposure” “Quantum mottle”

A

-Low mAs, low kVp, big SID, big OID, big grid ratio

25
Q

“Highest exposure”

A

-High mAs, high kVp, short SID, short OID, no grid

26
Q

Which Interactions have Ionization?

A

Photoelectric and Compton scatter

27
Q

Which interaction does not cause Ionization?

A

Coherent

28
Q

Define Ionization

A

Removing an electron from an atom

29
Q

Compton scatter increases with

A

-increased tissue density
-increased tissue volume

30
Q

What is the term to describe the x-ray beam after it has been attenuated by the tissue, but before it hits the IR?

A

Remnant beam

31
Q

The chance of a Compton event occurring ________________ as photon energy increases

A

Decreases

32
Q

The chance of a Compton event occuring _________________ as atomic number of the tissue increases

A

Stays the same

33
Q

This is emitted by the electrons as they move from a higher energy state to a lower energy state in order to fill the hole after a photoelectric interaction.

A

Secondary radiation

34
Q

The force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus. It is also the minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from its orbit.

A

Electron binding energy

35
Q

These reactions do not cause any ionization. They are the interactions of very low energy x-rays with atoms in which the atom is elevated to an excited state and releases a scattered photon that is also very low energy.

A

Unmodifying

36
Q

An x-ray photon that is released by an atom during the transfer of an electron from one energy shell to another

A

Characteristic photon

37
Q

The ejected electron resulting from ionization during the photoelectric effect

A

Photoelectron

38
Q

The total amount of lead content in a grid determines it?

A

Selectivity

39
Q

The collimator shutters are most often made up of

A

Lead

40
Q

The interspace material in most focused grids is made of

A

Aluminum

41
Q

If a radiographer chooses to increase the grid ratio WITHOUT proper mAs compensation, what will happen to the exposure to the IR?

A

It will decrease

42
Q

If a radiographer chooses to increase the grid ratio WITHOUT proper mAs compensation, what will happen to the patient dose?

A

It will stay the same

43
Q

Functions of x-ray beam filtration

A

Reduce patient skin dose
Increase mean energy of the beam
Make beam harder

44
Q

Flat sheet of metal, usually lead with a hole cut in the center and attached to the x-ray tube por

A

Aperture diaphragm

45
Q

The range of source-image distances (SID) at which the grid will not absorb significant amounts of primary radiation.

A

Focal range

46
Q

An electromagnet pulls the grid to one side and then releases it during the exposure

A

Oscillating

47
Q

A type of compensating filter used to even out densities such as in the foot or lower extremities

A

Wedge filter

48
Q

A filter that uses two or more materials that complement each other in their absorbing abilities.

A

Compound filter

49
Q

A type of compensating filter used to even out densities such as in the mediastinum

A

Trough filter

50
Q

“highest amount of scatter radiation”

A

High kVp, high mAs, high Collimation, no grid/lowest grid

51
Q

“Lowest amount of scatter radiation”

A

Low kVp, low mAs, small Collimation, biggest grid ratio

52
Q

For which interaction: Photon energy must be slightly higher than the binding energy(BE) of the electron

A

Photoelectric

53
Q

T or F: PE decreases with increased atomic #

A

False, increases

54
Q

T or F: Higher atomic density of tissue = increased chance of Photo Electric effect

A

True

Radiology Principles Class (10 decks)

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