Unit 2 Review

Question 1

Migrations

permant move to a new locations

Answer 1

1. relocation diffusion
2. geographers document where people migrate across the space of Earth
3. awlays involves 2 way connections

Form of Mobility - all types of movement from one place to another.
Circulations - repitive, short term movements occuring on a regular basis.

Question 2

Demography

scientific study of population demographics

Answer 2

Population:
* more people alive now, ever than before
* global population ↑ is in LDC
* global population ↑ fastest during 1900’s

Statistically how people are distributed:
age, gender, occupation, fertility

Question 3

Population Concentration/Density

where populations are spare vs. clustered in a region

Answer 3

Population & Density:
* number of people: census (contemporary geographic tools)
* world population concentration: cartograms
* depicts size of countries : populations (not land size as shown my most maps)

Asia & Europe
* where 2/3 of world population reside
* Heavily influence global patterns

Question 4

Spatial Analysis & Census

spatial data → spatial analysis
census data → maps

Answer 4

United States:
* population census every decade (year ending with “0”)
* business census ever 5 years

Controversies:
1. Nonparticaption - homless, ethnic minorities, illegal immigrants (fear of deportion)
2. Sampling - more accurate count, controversal between sympathetic politicians (towards homeless) vs. residents of rural areas (more accurate count in these areas)

Question 5

Population Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

Answer 5

East Asia:
* 1/4 of world population
* China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
* China - most populated country; 1/2 living in rural areas as farmers (clustered at Pacific coast w/ fertile river valleys extending inland; interior mostly moutains & deserts)
* Japan & Korea - clustered in urban areas working in industiral/service jobs

arithmetic density: low (China), high (Japan/Korea)
physiological density: low (China), high (Japan/Korea)
agriculutral density: high (China), low (Japan/Korea)

Question 6

Population Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

Answer 6

South Asia:
* 1/4 of world population
* India, Pakistan, Nagladesh, island of Sri Lanka
* population concentrated along 1,500 kilometer (900mi) corridor from Pakistan through India & Bagladesh to Bay of Bengal
* area population concetrated along plains of Indus/Ganges river
* population concentrated near India’s 2 coastlines
* majority are farmers living in rural areas

physiological density: high (pressuare on land)
agriculutral density: high (more LDC

Question 7

Populations Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

Answer 7

Europe:
* 44 countries
* 3/4 of population live in ubran areas
* less than 10% farmers
* population concentrated near major rivers/coalfields (natural resources) of Germany and Belgium (coast)
* population concentrated at historic capital cities of London and Paris (industrial rev & economic prospects)

arithmetic density: moderate
physiological density: high (moutainous regions, less arable land)
agriculutral density: low (MDC)

Question 8

Populations Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

Answer 8

Southeast Asia:
* 600 million population
* Indonesia; 4th most populated country (13,000+ islands)
* series of island (mostly)
* populated concentrated on island of Java (100 million)
* Philippines islands contain high population
* population clustered around river valleys & deltas
* majority population as farmers in rural areas

arithmetic density: moderate
physiological density: high (pressuare on land)
agriculutral density: high (more farmers)

Question 9

Largest Population Concentration

Western Hemisphere: northeastern US & southeastern Canda

Africa: along Atlantic coast; portion facing south

World population clusters inhabits 5%, less clustered inhabits 14%, oceans cover 71%

Answer 9

Nigeria:
* most populated country in Africa

• Of 3 Asia population concentrations, most West Afircans work in agriculuture (rural, farmers)

Question 10

Sparsely Populated Regions

1. Dry lands
2. Wet lands
3. Cold Lands
4. High Lands

Answer 10

1. Dry lands (20% of earth) : inarable land & deserts lacking water; contain natural resources (oil reserves)
2. Wet lands: high rainfall, near equator, rain + heat depletes soil nutrients (inarable land)
3. Cold Lands: North/South poles in permafrost, inarable
4. High Lands: steep mountains, snow covered, sparesely settled; high-altitude plateua/moutain regions densely populated, arable land

Question 11

Population Density

Arithmetic Density: total number of people in a countries entire land area
* total population/total land area
* more land = lower density (always be less people to inhabit land than total land area)

Answer 11

ex: China w/ low density, Netherlands w/ high
* number of people trying to live on a piece of land in differnet world regions
* answers the “where” question

Highest: Asia, Europe, Centeral America
Lowest: North/South America, South Pacific

Question 12

Population Density

Physiological Density:
* caring capacity of the lands
* more land = less dense (more inarable land)

Answer 12

ex: Egypt (less nautral arable land due to desert region)
* 95% of population cluster at Nile River (only arable area)
* high agriculutral density (lack of tech to replace farmers)

ex: Netherlands (less arable land)
* low agriculutral density (advanced tech replaces farmers

Highest: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America
Lowest: North America, Europe, South Pacific

Question 13

Populaton Density

Agriculutural density:
number of farmers to amount of arable land

Answer 13

• lower in MDC (more advanced agriculutral tech)
• higher in LDC (no tech, more farmers are needed)

Highest: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
Lowest: North America, South Pacific

Question 14

Increasing Global Population

1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
2. Crude Death Rate (CDR)
3. Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Answer 14

1. total births per year : every 1,000 of the population
2. total deaths per year : every 1,000 of the population
3. percentage of population growth in a year
   * CDR - CBR into a percentage
   * not including migration

Question 15

Increasing Global Population

NIR:
* 21st century = 1.2%
* 1963 = 2.2% (peak)

NIR of regions:
1. South Asia 1/3
2. Sub-Saharan Africa 1/4
3. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Southwest Asia, North Africe (the rest of the 1/2)

Answer 15

• NIR is a majority of 0 in history
• after peak (1963) dropped sharpy since 1990’s
• 82 million people added to world population annually

**NIR of Regions: **
* 95% of NIR are in LDC
* most countries in Sub-Saharan Afirca has over 2.0
* most countries of Europe has negative (MDC)

Doubling Time - number of years it takes for world population to double
* assuming constant NIR
* 1.2% = 54 years
* 2.2% = 34 years (1963)

formula: 70/nautral increase rate

1963:
* end of WW2, economies were prospering

Increased rapidly beginign 18th century (1700)

Question 16

Fertility

CBR world map reflects distributon of NIR
* high CBR = high NIR

Answer 16

Highest: sub-Saharan Africa
* CBR = 40
Lowest: Europe
* CBR = 10

Thematic maps

Question 17

Fertility

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children a child will have in her child bearing years of (15-49)
* measure number of births in society
* assuming that women in the futures child bearing years are also (15-49) with a similar likeness

Answer 17

Global TFR: 2.5 (vary between MDC/LDC)

• sub-Saharan Africa TFR > 5.0
• Europe TFR < 2.0

Question 18

Mortality

CDR have less exetreme highs/lows
* CDR added up for all LDC < MDC

Answer 18

Highest: 17 : 1,000
Lowest: 1 : 1,000
* indivudal countries range fro 7-52, spread (differnce) of 45

ex: Demark worlds wealthiest countries has higher CDR than Cape Verde worlds poorest country
* in different stages of the DTM

Question 19

Population Structure

Population Pyramid: percentage of total population in 5 year groups
* youngest 0-4 at bottom
* oldest at top

Answer 19

Dependency Ratio: part of the population that is unable to work
1. 0-14
2. 65+
* greater the ratio, greater the economic pressuare on those working

ex: Europe is 47% (elderly), sub-Saharan Africa 85% (youth, outnumber elderly 14:1)
* “graying” population - putting more pressure on economically

Sex Ratio: number of males per 100 females
* MDC have more females (longer life expectancy, 7 years longer)
* Asian countries (China/India) have more males (female abortions)

Question 20

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Model (DTM): process of change in a society’s population
* high CBR/CDR & low NIR* to low CBR/CDR & low NIR (w/ higher population)

Answer 20

1. Stage 1 (low growth)
2. Stage 2 (high growth)
3. Stage 3 (decreasing growth)
4. Stage 4 (low growth)

Question 21

Demographic Transition Model

**Stage 1 : Low Growth **
* high CBR
* high CDR
* low NIR

Answer 21

**Population Pyramid: **
sharp pyramid shape, braod bottom sharp peak

• most of human history
• no country is in this stage currently
• age of hunter gathers
• food avalibility = regions populations

Question 22

DTM

Stage 2: High GROWTH
* high CBR
* declining CDR
* high NIR

Answer 22

Europe & North America: enters s2 after 1750 (industrial rev)
* began in UK in 1750’s, spread to EU and NA during 1800’s

Africa, Asia, Latin America: enters s2 around **1950 **
* medical rev diffused from MDC, eliminated traditional causes of death
* increased life expectancy = lower CBR

**Industiral Rev: **
* major manufacture improvements
* improved delivery of goods to market
* results in lots of wealth, lead to healthier communities

Question 23

DTM

Stage 3: Decreasing GROWTH
* low/decreasing CBR
* decreasing CDR
* moderate NIR

Answer 23

A country moves from s2 to s3 when CBR drops sharply
* population still grows for CBR is higher than CDR
* NIR moderate as gap of CBR/CDR closens
* lower CBR because of higher life expectancy of a child

Europe & North America: moved to s3 during first half of 20th century

Asia & Latin America: moved to s3 second half of 20th century
* Chile

**Economic: **
* more work/live in urban areas
* less need for children (farming families needed as much labor possible)

Question 24

DTM

Stage 4: Low GROWTH
* low CBR
* low CDR
* low NIR (zpg)

Answer 24

• when the CBR declines to equal CDR
• NIR appraoches 0

Zero population growth: CBR slightly higher than CDR, but some females die before reproductive years
TFR of 2.1 = ZPG

• s4 socities have more women in workforce & use contraceptives

ex: Demark (EU, MDC) - young & old population nearly the same

Question 25

# Declining Birth Rates 1. **Education & Healthcare** 2. **Contraceptives** * sub-Saharan Africa 1/4 * Asia 2/3 * Latin America 3/4

Answer 25

**Education & Healthcare:** * schooling for women, likely to join workforce * reproductive rights, use of contraceptives * improved pre-natal care for lower IMF = lower CBR **Contraceptives:** * modern contraceptive methods * **Bangladesh** - little improvement of wealth/literacy, 56% women use contraceptives in 2011 * Morocco, Thailand, Columbia (LDC) * low in sub-Saharan Africa **Family Planning:** 1. Highest in China 2. Lowest in sub-Saharan Afirca

Question 26

# Thomas Malthus **Matlhus Theory**: worlds food supply would run out as population increased * population increased geometrically, food supply increased arithmetically (multiplive vs. constant) * statements made serveral decades after Europe became a country, and 1st to enter s2 (industrial rev)

Answer 26

1. **Population growth would press against avalible resources in ever country** * unless "moral restraint" lowered CBR disease, war, famine would increase CDR **Past half century:** * not supported malthus's theory, food keeps up with population * food production more rapidly than predicted * *Malthus's predicaitons were close to food production, but too much on population growth * ex: **India**- rice production followed Malthus's patttern, wheat significantly increased * agriculutral advancements * **neo-malthusians point out the slowing production of foods in India, and without breaktrhough cannot keep up with demand**

Question 27

# Thomas Malthus **Neo-Malthusians**: followers of Malthus's theory that add changes to it

Answer 27

**Unprecedented NIR increase in 1900's: ** * In Mathus's time only few wealthy countries entered s2 *** failed to antcipate that LDC would have most NIR (medical tech innovations) ** * world population outstripping wide variety of resource, not just food

Question 28

# Thomas Malthus Malthus's Critics: criticized from many perspectives

Answer 28

**Resource Depleton:** * based on belief that worlds supply of resources is fixed than expanding (determinism) **Population Growth:** * large population could stimulate economic growth, leading to more production of food * larger population generates more demand * larger populations genreates more ideas & innovations * **poverty/hunger caused by social welfare problem, world proccess enough resource to be shared equally (but not)** *

Question 29

# Declining Populations **Japan**: in prospect of future population decline * 2010:127million to 2050:95 million * demand for labor force * rejects immigrants (cultural custom) **US**: population growth through immigration

Answer 29

**Population Pyramid:** * reversed from 1950 by 2050 (Japan) **Japan labor force shortage:** * privleges for the retired to work * women in labor force = lower CBR * full commitment to work vs. child at home

Question 30

# DTM Stage 5: Decline * low CBR * low CDR * low NIR

Answer 30

China & India: * worlds most populated countries * together encompass more than 1/3 of world population * aadopted family planning, yet India still adds 12 million more than China * India could surpass Chinas population in 2050 India population policies: * most controversal: during 1971, performance of steralization * during 1976 peak, 8.3 million sterializations performed over 6 months China population policies: * since 2000, China has lower CBR than US * One child policy in 1980 (anti-natalist) * prohibits marriage of men until 22, women until 20 * free contraceptives * 2nd child must pay family planning fee

Question 31

# Epidemilogical Transition Model ETM: proccess of the causes of death over the DTM, measures CDR 1. Pestilence and Famine (high CDR) 2. Receding Pandemics (decreasing CDR) 3. Degenerative Diseases (decreasing CDR)

Answer 31

1. **Stage 1: most deaths by infectious parasectic diseases ** * Malthus calls these deaths "natural checks" * Black Bubonic Plauge; originated among Tatars (diffused to Ukraine when the area was attacked by Tatar army) * reaches Western Europe in 1348, Northern Europe in 1349 2. **Stage 2: improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine during industiral rev reducded disease** * Cholera - results of crowding populations into cities (industrial rev), still in sub-Saharan Africa, South & Southeast Asia (lack clean water) 3. **Stage 3: degenerative disease/man made disease ** * chronic disorders assoiscated with aging * cardiovascular disease - heart attacks & cancers * stage 2 countries have least cancer, lower life expectancy 4. Stage 4: deaths of degenerative disease at a later time * medical tech delays the death of paitents