Unit 2 Review Flashcards
Migrations
permant move to a new locations
- relocation diffusion
- geographers document where people migrate across the space of Earth
- awlays involves 2 way connections
Form of Mobility - all types of movement from one place to another.
Circulations - repitive, short term movements occuring on a regular basis.
Demography
scientific study of population demographics
Population:
* more people alive now, ever than before
* global population ↑ is in LDC
* global population ↑ fastest during 1900’s
Statistically how people are distributed:
age, gender, occupation, fertility
Population Concentration/Density
where populations are spare vs. clustered in a region
Population & Density:
* number of people: census (contemporary geographic tools)
* world population concentration: cartograms
* depicts size of countries : populations (not land size as shown my most maps)
Asia & Europe
* where 2/3 of world population reside
* Heavily influence global patterns
Spatial Analysis & Census
spatial data → spatial analysis
census data → maps
United States:
* population census every decade (year ending with “0”)
* business census ever 5 years
Controversies:
1. Nonparticaption - homless, ethnic minorities, illegal immigrants (fear of deportion)
2. Sampling - more accurate count, controversal between sympathetic politicians (towards homeless) vs. residents of rural areas (more accurate count in these areas)
Population Concentration
2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia
East Asia:
* 1/4 of world population
* China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
* China - most populated country; 1/2 living in rural areas as farmers (clustered at Pacific coast w/ fertile river valleys extending inland; interior mostly moutains & deserts)
* Japan & Korea - clustered in urban areas working in industiral/service jobs
arithmetic density: low (China), high (Japan/Korea)
physiological density: low (China), high (Japan/Korea)
agriculutral density: high (China), low (Japan/Korea)
Population Concentration
2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia
South Asia:
* 1/4 of world population
* India, Pakistan, Nagladesh, island of Sri Lanka
* population concentrated along 1,500 kilometer (900mi) corridor from Pakistan through India & Bagladesh to Bay of Bengal
* area population concetrated along plains of Indus/Ganges river
* population concentrated near India’s 2 coastlines
* majority are farmers living in rural areas
physiological density: high (pressuare on land)
agriculutral density: high (more LDC
Populations Concentration
2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia
Europe:
* 44 countries
* 3/4 of population live in ubran areas
* less than 10% farmers
* population concentrated near major rivers/coalfields (natural resources) of Germany and Belgium (coast)
* population concentrated at historic capital cities of London and Paris (industrial rev & economic prospects)
arithmetic density: moderate
physiological density: high (moutainous regions, less arable land)
agriculutral density: low (MDC)
Populations Concentration
2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia:
* 600 million population
* Indonesia; 4th most populated country (13,000+ islands)
* series of island (mostly)
* populated concentrated on island of Java (100 million)
* Philippines islands contain high population
* population clustered around river valleys & deltas
* majority population as farmers in rural areas
arithmetic density: moderate
physiological density: high (pressuare on land)
agriculutral density: high (more farmers)
Largest Population Concentration
Western Hemisphere: northeastern US & southeastern Canda
Africa: along Atlantic coast; portion facing south
World population clusters inhabits 5%, less clustered inhabits 14%, oceans cover 71%
Nigeria:
* most populated country in Africa
- Of 3 Asia population concentrations, most West Afircans work in agriculuture (rural, farmers)
Sparsely Populated Regions
- Dry lands
- Wet lands
- Cold Lands
- High Lands
- Dry lands (20% of earth) : inarable land & deserts lacking water; contain natural resources (oil reserves)
- Wet lands: high rainfall, near equator, rain + heat depletes soil nutrients (inarable land)
- Cold Lands: North/South poles in permafrost, inarable
- High Lands: steep mountains, snow covered, sparesely settled; high-altitude plateua/moutain regions densely populated, arable land
Population Density
Arithmetic Density: total number of people in a countries entire land area
* total population/total land area
* more land = lower density (always be less people to inhabit land than total land area)
ex: China w/ low density, Netherlands w/ high
* number of people trying to live on a piece of land in differnet world regions
* answers the “where” question
Highest: Asia, Europe, Centeral America
Lowest: North/South America, South Pacific
Population Density
Physiological Density:
* caring capacity of the lands
* more land = less dense (more inarable land)
ex: Egypt (less nautral arable land due to desert region)
* 95% of population cluster at Nile River (only arable area)
* high agriculutral density (lack of tech to replace farmers)
ex: Netherlands (less arable land)
* low agriculutral density (advanced tech replaces farmers
Highest: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America
Lowest: North America, Europe, South Pacific
Populaton Density
Agriculutural density:
number of farmers to amount of arable land
- lower in MDC (more advanced agriculutral tech)
- higher in LDC (no tech, more farmers are needed)
Highest: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
Lowest: North America, South Pacific
Increasing Global Population
- Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
- Crude Death Rate (CDR)
- Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
- total births per year : every 1,000 of the population
- total deaths per year : every 1,000 of the population
- percentage of population growth in a year
* CDR - CBR into a percentage
* not including migration
Increasing Global Population
NIR:
* 21st century = 1.2%
* 1963 = 2.2% (peak)
NIR of regions:
1. South Asia 1/3
2. Sub-Saharan Africa 1/4
3. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Southwest Asia, North Africe (the rest of the 1/2)
- NIR is a majority of 0 in history
- after peak (1963) dropped sharpy since 1990’s
- 82 million people added to world population annually
**NIR of Regions: **
* 95% of NIR are in LDC
* most countries in Sub-Saharan Afirca has over 2.0
* most countries of Europe has negative (MDC)
Doubling Time - number of years it takes for world population to double
* assuming constant NIR
* 1.2% = 54 years
* 2.2% = 34 years (1963)
formula: 70/nautral increase rate
1963:
* end of WW2, economies were prospering
Increased rapidly beginign 18th century (1700)
Fertility
CBR world map reflects distributon of NIR
* high CBR = high NIR
Highest: sub-Saharan Africa
* CBR = 40
Lowest: Europe
* CBR = 10
Thematic maps
Fertility
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children a child will have in her child bearing years of (15-49)
* measure number of births in society
* assuming that women in the futures child bearing years are also (15-49) with a similar likeness
Global TFR: 2.5 (vary between MDC/LDC)
- sub-Saharan Africa TFR > 5.0
- Europe TFR < 2.0
Mortality
CDR have less exetreme highs/lows
* CDR added up for all LDC < MDC
Highest: 17 : 1,000
Lowest: 1 : 1,000
* indivudal countries range fro 7-52, spread (differnce) of 45
ex: Demark worlds wealthiest countries has higher CDR than Cape Verde worlds poorest country
* in different stages of the DTM
Population Structure
Population Pyramid: percentage of total population in 5 year groups
* youngest 0-4 at bottom
* oldest at top
Dependency Ratio: part of the population that is unable to work
1. 0-14
2. 65+
* greater the ratio, greater the economic pressuare on those working
ex: Europe is 47% (elderly), sub-Saharan Africa 85% (youth, outnumber elderly 14:1)
* “graying” population - putting more pressure on economically
Sex Ratio: number of males per 100 females
* MDC have more females (longer life expectancy, 7 years longer)
* Asian countries (China/India) have more males (female abortions)
Demographic Transition Model
Demographic Transition Model (DTM): process of change in a society’s population
* high CBR/CDR & low NIR* to low CBR/CDR & low NIR (w/ higher population)
- Stage 1 (low growth)
- Stage 2 (high growth)
- Stage 3 (decreasing growth)
- Stage 4 (low growth)
Demographic Transition Model
**Stage 1 : Low Growth **
* high CBR
* high CDR
* low NIR
**Population Pyramid: **
sharp pyramid shape, braod bottom sharp peak
- most of human history
- no country is in this stage currently
- age of hunter gathers
- food avalibility = regions populations
DTM
Stage 2: High GROWTH
* high CBR
* declining CDR
* high NIR
Europe & North America: enters s2 after 1750 (industrial rev)
* began in UK in 1750’s, spread to EU and NA during 1800’s
Africa, Asia, Latin America: enters s2 around **1950 **
* medical rev diffused from MDC, eliminated traditional causes of death
* increased life expectancy = lower CBR
**Industiral Rev: **
* major manufacture improvements
* improved delivery of goods to market
* results in lots of wealth, lead to healthier communities
DTM
Stage 3: Decreasing GROWTH
* low/decreasing CBR
* decreasing CDR
* moderate NIR
A country moves from s2 to s3 when CBR drops sharply
* population still grows for CBR is higher than CDR
* NIR moderate as gap of CBR/CDR closens
* lower CBR because of higher life expectancy of a child
Europe & North America: moved to s3 during first half of 20th century
Asia & Latin America: moved to s3 second half of 20th century
* Chile
**Economic: **
* more work/live in urban areas
* less need for children (farming families needed as much labor possible)
DTM
Stage 4: Low GROWTH
* low CBR
* low CDR
* low NIR (zpg)
- when the CBR declines to equal CDR
- NIR appraoches 0
Zero population growth: CBR slightly higher than CDR, but some females die before reproductive years
TFR of 2.1 = ZPG
- s4 socities have more women in workforce & use contraceptives
ex: Demark (EU, MDC) - young & old population nearly the same
Declining Birth Rates
- Education & Healthcare
-
Contraceptives
* sub-Saharan Africa 1/4
* Asia 2/3
* Latin America 3/4
Education & Healthcare:
* schooling for women, likely to join workforce
* reproductive rights, use of contraceptives
* improved pre-natal care for lower IMF = lower CBR
Contraceptives:
* modern contraceptive methods
* Bangladesh - little improvement of wealth/literacy, 56% women use contraceptives in 2011
* Morocco, Thailand, Columbia (LDC)
* low in sub-Saharan Africa
Family Planning:
1. Highest in China
2. Lowest in sub-Saharan Afirca
Thomas Malthus
Matlhus Theory: worlds food supply would run out as population increased
* population increased geometrically, food supply increased arithmetically (multiplive vs. constant)
* statements made serveral decades after Europe became a country, and 1st to enter s2 (industrial rev)
-
Population growth would press against avalible resources in ever country
* unless “moral restraint” lowered CBR disease, war, famine would increase CDR
Past half century:
* not supported malthus’s theory, food keeps up with population
* food production more rapidly than predicted
* *Malthus’s predicaitons were close to food production, but too much on population growth *
ex: India- rice production followed Malthus’s patttern, wheat significantly increased
* agriculutral advancements
* neo-malthusians point out the slowing production of foods in India, and without breaktrhough cannot keep up with demand
Thomas Malthus
Neo-Malthusians: followers of Malthus’s theory that add changes to it
**Unprecedented NIR increase in 1900’s: **
* In Mathus’s time only few wealthy countries entered s2
*** failed to antcipate that LDC would have most NIR (medical tech innovations) **
* world population outstripping wide variety of resource, not just food
Thomas Malthus
Malthus’s Critics: criticized from many perspectives
Resource Depleton:
* based on belief that worlds supply of resources is fixed than expanding (determinism)
Population Growth:
* large population could stimulate economic growth, leading to more production of food
* larger population generates more demand
* larger populations genreates more ideas & innovations
* poverty/hunger caused by social welfare problem, world proccess enough resource to be shared equally (but not)
*
Declining Populations
Japan: in prospect of future population decline
* 2010:127million to 2050:95 million
* demand for labor force
* rejects immigrants (cultural custom)
US: population growth through immigration
Population Pyramid:
* reversed from 1950 by 2050 (Japan)
Japan labor force shortage:
* privleges for the retired to work
* women in labor force = lower CBR
* full commitment to work vs. child at home
DTM
Stage 5: Decline
* low CBR
* low CDR
* low NIR
China & India:
* worlds most populated countries
* together encompass more than 1/3 of world population
* aadopted family planning, yet India still adds 12 million more than China
* India could surpass Chinas population in 2050
India population policies:
* most controversal: during 1971, performance of steralization
* during 1976 peak, 8.3 million sterializations performed over 6 months
China population policies:
* since 2000, China has lower CBR than US
* One child policy in 1980 (anti-natalist)
* prohibits marriage of men until 22, women until 20
* free contraceptives
* 2nd child must pay family planning fee
Epidemilogical Transition Model
ETM: proccess of the causes of death over the DTM, measures CDR
1. Pestilence and Famine (high CDR)
2. Receding Pandemics (decreasing CDR)
3. Degenerative Diseases (decreasing CDR)
- **Stage 1: most deaths by infectious parasectic diseases **
* Malthus calls these deaths “natural checks”
* Black Bubonic Plauge; originated among Tatars (diffused to Ukraine when the area was attacked by Tatar army)
* reaches Western Europe in 1348, Northern Europe in 1349 -
Stage 2: improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine during industiral rev reducded disease
* Cholera - results of crowding populations into cities (industrial rev), still in sub-Saharan Africa, South & Southeast Asia (lack clean water) - **Stage 3: degenerative disease/man made disease **
* chronic disorders assoiscated with aging
* cardiovascular disease - heart attacks & cancers
* stage 2 countries have least cancer, lower life expectancy - Stage 4: deaths of degenerative disease at a later time
* medical tech delays the death of paitents
