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AP HUG > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

1
Q

Migrations

permant move to a new locations

A
  1. relocation diffusion
  2. geographers document where people migrate across the space of Earth
  3. awlays involves 2 way connections

Form of Mobility - all types of movement from one place to another.
Circulations - repitive, short term movements occuring on a regular basis.

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2
Q

Demography

scientific study of population demographics

A

Population:
* more people alive now, ever than before
* global population ↑ is in LDC
* global population ↑ fastest during 1900’s

Statistically how people are distributed:
age, gender, occupation, fertility

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3
Q

Population Concentration/Density

where populations are spare vs. clustered in a region

A

Population & Density:
* number of people: census (contemporary geographic tools)
* world population concentration: cartograms
* depicts size of countries : populations (not land size as shown my most maps)

Asia & Europe
* where 2/3 of world population reside
* Heavily influence global patterns

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4
Q

Spatial Analysis & Census

spatial data → spatial analysis
census data → maps

A

United States:
* population census every decade (year ending with “0”)
* business census ever 5 years

Controversies:
1. Nonparticaption - homless, ethnic minorities, illegal immigrants (fear of deportion)
2. Sampling - more accurate count, controversal between sympathetic politicians (towards homeless) vs. residents of rural areas (more accurate count in these areas)

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5
Q

Population Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

A

East Asia:
* 1/4 of world population
* China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
* China - most populated country; 1/2 living in rural areas as farmers (clustered at Pacific coast w/ fertile river valleys extending inland; interior mostly moutains & deserts)
* Japan & Korea - clustered in urban areas working in industiral/service jobs

arithmetic density: low (China), high (Japan/Korea)
physiological density: low (China), high (Japan/Korea)
agriculutral density: high (China), low (Japan/Korea)

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6
Q

Population Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

A

South Asia:
* 1/4 of world population
* India, Pakistan, Nagladesh, island of Sri Lanka
* population concentrated along 1,500 kilometer (900mi) corridor from Pakistan through India & Bagladesh to Bay of Bengal
* area population concetrated along plains of Indus/Ganges river
* population concentrated near India’s 2 coastlines
* majority are farmers living in rural areas

physiological density: high (pressuare on land)
agriculutral density: high (more LDC

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7
Q

Populations Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

A

Europe:
* 44 countries
* 3/4 of population live in ubran areas
* less than 10% farmers
* population concentrated near major rivers/coalfields (natural resources) of Germany and Belgium (coast)
* population concentrated at historic capital cities of London and Paris (industrial rev & economic prospects)

arithmetic density: moderate
physiological density: high (moutainous regions, less arable land)
agriculutral density: low (MDC)

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8
Q

Populations Concentration

2/3 of world population is clustered in 4 regions:
1. East Asia
2. South Asia
3. Europe (Western)
4. Southeast Asia

A

Southeast Asia:
* 600 million population
* Indonesia; 4th most populated country (13,000+ islands)
* series of island (mostly)
* populated concentrated on island of Java (100 million)
* Philippines islands contain high population
* population clustered around river valleys & deltas
* majority population as farmers in rural areas

arithmetic density: moderate
physiological density: high (pressuare on land)
agriculutral density: high (more farmers)

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9
Q

Largest Population Concentration

Western Hemisphere: northeastern US & southeastern Canda

Africa: along Atlantic coast; portion facing south

World population clusters inhabits 5%, less clustered inhabits 14%, oceans cover 71%

A

Nigeria:
* most populated country in Africa

  • Of 3 Asia population concentrations, most West Afircans work in agriculuture (rural, farmers)
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10
Q

Sparsely Populated Regions

  1. Dry lands
  2. Wet lands
  3. Cold Lands
  4. High Lands
A
  1. Dry lands (20% of earth) : inarable land & deserts lacking water; contain natural resources (oil reserves)
  2. Wet lands: high rainfall, near equator, rain + heat depletes soil nutrients (inarable land)
  3. Cold Lands: North/South poles in permafrost, inarable
  4. High Lands: steep mountains, snow covered, sparesely settled; high-altitude plateua/moutain regions densely populated, arable land
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11
Q

Population Density

Arithmetic Density: total number of people in a countries entire land area
* total population/total land area
* more land = lower density (always be less people to inhabit land than total land area)

A

ex: China w/ low density, Netherlands w/ high
* number of people trying to live on a piece of land in differnet world regions
* answers the “where” question

Highest: Asia, Europe, Centeral America
Lowest: North/South America, South Pacific

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12
Q

Population Density

Physiological Density:
* caring capacity of the lands
* more land = less dense (more inarable land)

A

ex: Egypt (less nautral arable land due to desert region)
* 95% of population cluster at Nile River (only arable area)
* high agriculutral density (lack of tech to replace farmers)

ex: Netherlands (less arable land)
* low agriculutral density (advanced tech replaces farmers

Highest: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America
Lowest: North America, Europe, South Pacific

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13
Q

Populaton Density

Agriculutural density:
number of farmers to amount of arable land

A
  • lower in MDC (more advanced agriculutral tech)
  • higher in LDC (no tech, more farmers are needed)

Highest: Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa
Lowest: North America, South Pacific

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14
Q

Increasing Global Population

  1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
  2. Crude Death Rate (CDR)
  3. Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
A
  1. total births per year : every 1,000 of the population
  2. total deaths per year : every 1,000 of the population
  3. percentage of population growth in a year
    * CDR - CBR into a percentage
    * not including migration
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15
Q

Increasing Global Population

NIR:
* 21st century = 1.2%
* 1963 = 2.2% (peak)

NIR of regions:
1. South Asia 1/3
2. Sub-Saharan Africa 1/4
3. East Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America, Southwest Asia, North Africe (the rest of the 1/2)

A
  • NIR is a majority of 0 in history
  • after peak (1963) dropped sharpy since 1990’s
  • 82 million people added to world population annually

**NIR of Regions: **
* 95% of NIR are in LDC
* most countries in Sub-Saharan Afirca has over 2.0
* most countries of Europe has negative (MDC)

Doubling Time - number of years it takes for world population to double
* assuming constant NIR
* 1.2% = 54 years
* 2.2% = 34 years (1963)

formula: 70/nautral increase rate

1963:
* end of WW2, economies were prospering

Increased rapidly beginign 18th century (1700)

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16
Q

Fertility

CBR world map reflects distributon of NIR
* high CBR = high NIR

A

Highest: sub-Saharan Africa
* CBR = 40
Lowest: Europe
* CBR = 10

Thematic maps

17
Q

Fertility

Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average number of children a child will have in her child bearing years of (15-49)
* measure number of births in society
* assuming that women in the futures child bearing years are also (15-49) with a similar likeness

A

Global TFR: 2.5 (vary between MDC/LDC)

  • sub-Saharan Africa TFR > 5.0
  • Europe TFR < 2.0
18
Q

Mortality

CDR have less exetreme highs/lows
* CDR added up for all LDC < MDC

A

Highest: 17 : 1,000
Lowest: 1 : 1,000
* indivudal countries range fro 7-52, spread (differnce) of 45

ex: Demark worlds wealthiest countries has higher CDR than Cape Verde worlds poorest country
* in different stages of the DTM

19
Q

Population Structure

Population Pyramid: percentage of total population in 5 year groups
* youngest 0-4 at bottom
* oldest at top

A

Dependency Ratio: part of the population that is unable to work
1. 0-14
2. 65+
* greater the ratio, greater the economic pressuare on those working

ex: Europe is 47% (elderly), sub-Saharan Africa 85% (youth, outnumber elderly 14:1)
* “graying” population - putting more pressure on economically

Sex Ratio: number of males per 100 females
* MDC have more females (longer life expectancy, 7 years longer)
* Asian countries (China/India) have more males (female abortions)

20
Q

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic Transition Model (DTM): process of change in a society’s population
* high CBR/CDR & low NIR* to low CBR/CDR & low NIR (w/ higher population)

A
  1. Stage 1 (low growth)
  2. Stage 2 (high growth)
  3. Stage 3 (decreasing growth)
  4. Stage 4 (low growth)
21
Q

Demographic Transition Model

**Stage 1 : Low Growth **
* low CBR
* low CDR
* low NIR

A

**Population Pyramid: **
sharp pyramid shape, braod bottom sharp peak

  • most of human history
  • no country is in this stage currently
  • age of hunter gathers
  • food avalibility = regions populations
22
Q

DTM

Stage 2: High GROWTH
* high CBR
* declining CDR
* high NIR

A

Europe & North America: enters s2 after 1750 (industrial rev)
* began in UK in 1750’s, spread to EU and NA during 1800’s

Africa, Asia, Latin America: enters s2 around **1950 **
* medical rev diffused from MDC, eliminated traditional causes of death
* increased life expectancy = lower CBR

**Industiral Rev: **
* major manufacture improvements
* improved delivery of goods to market
* results in lots of wealth, lead to healthier communities

23
Q

DTM

Stage 3: Decreasing GROWTH
* low/decreasing CBR
* decreasing CDR
* moderate NIR

A

A country moves from s2 to s3 when CBR drops sharply
* population still grows for CBR is higher than CDR
* NIR moderate as gap of CBR/CDR closens
* lower CBR because of higher life expectancy of a child

Europe & North America: moved to s3 during first half of 20th century

Asia & Latin America: moved to s3 second half of 20th century
* Chile

**Economic: **
* more work/live in urban areas
* less need for children (farming families needed as much labor possible)

24
Q

DTM

Stage 4: Low GROWTH
* low CBR
* low CDR
* low NIR (zpg)

A
  • when the CBR declines to equal CDR
  • NIR appraoches 0

Zero population growth: CBR slightly higher than CDR, but some females die before reproductive years
TFR of 2.1 = ZPG

  • s4 socities have more women in workforce & use contraceptives

ex: Demark (EU, MDC) - young & old population nearly the same

25
Q

Declining Birth Rates

  1. Education & Healthcare
  2. Contraceptives
    * sub-Saharan Africa 1/4
    * Asia 2/3
    * Latin America 3/4
A

Education & Healthcare:
* schooling for women, likely to join workforce
* reproductive rights, use of contraceptives
* improved pre-natal care for lower IMF = lower CBR

Contraceptives:
* modern contraceptive methods
* Bangladesh - little improvement of wealth/literacy, 56% women use contraceptives in 2011
* Morocco, Thailand, Columbia (LDC)
* low in sub-Saharan Africa

Family Planning:
1. Highest in China
2. Lowest in sub-Saharan Afirca

26
Q

Thomas Malthus

Matlhus Theory: worlds food supply would run out as population increased
* population increased geometrically, food supply increased arithmetically (multiplive vs. constant)
* statements made serveral decades after Europe became a country, and 1st to enter s2 (industrial rev)

A
  1. Population growth would press against avalible resources in ever country
    * unless “moral restraint” lowered CBR disease, war, famine would increase CDR

Past half century:
* not supported malthus’s theory, food keeps up with population
* food production more rapidly than predicted
* *Malthus’s predicaitons were close to food production, but too much on population growth *

ex: India- rice production followed Malthus’s patttern, wheat significantly increased
* agriculutral advancements
* neo-malthusians point out the slowing production of foods in India, and without breaktrhough cannot keep up with demand

27
Q

Thomas Malthus

Neo-Malthusians: followers of Malthus’s theory that add changes to it

A

**Unprecedented NIR increase in 1900’s: **
* In Mathus’s time only few wealthy countries entered s2
*** failed to antcipate that LDC would have most NIR (medical tech innovations) **
* world population outstripping wide variety of resource, not just food

28
Q

Thomas Malthus

Malthus’s Critics: criticized from many perspectives

A

Resource Depleton:
* based on belief that worlds supply of resources is fixed than expanding (determinism)

Population Growth:
* large population could stimulate economic growth, leading to more production of food
* larger population generates more demand
* larger populations genreates more ideas & innovations
* poverty/hunger caused by social welfare problem, world proccess enough resource to be shared equally (but not)
*

29
Q

Declining Populations

Japan: in prospect of future population decline
* 2010:127million to 2050:95 million
* demand for labor force
* rejects immigrants (cultural custom)

US: population growth through immigration

A

Population Pyramid:
* reversed from 1950 by 2050 (Japan)

Japan labor force shortage:
* privleges for the retired to work
* women in labor force = lower CBR
* full commitment to work vs. child at home

30
Q

DTM

Stage 5: Decline
* low CBR
* low CDR
* low NIR

A

China & India:
* worlds most populated countries
* together encompass more than 1/3 of world population
* aadopted family planning, yet India still adds 12 million more than China
* India could surpass Chinas population in 2050

India population policies:
* most controversal: during 1971, performance of steralization
* during 1976 peak, 8.3 million sterializations performed over 6 months

China population policies:
* since 2000, China has lower CBR than US
* One child policy in 1980 (pro-natalist)
* prohibits marriage of men until 22, women until 20
* free contraceptives
* 2nd child must pay family planning fee

31
Q

Epidemilogical Transition Model

ETM: proccess of the causes of death over the DTM, measures CDR
1. Pestilence and Famine (high CDR)
2. Receding Pandemics (decreasing CDR)
3. Degenerative Diseases (decreasing CDR)

A
  1. **Stage 1: most deaths by infectious parasectic diseases **
    * Malthus calls these deaths “natural checks”
    * Black Bubonic Plauge; originated among Tatars (diffused to Ukraine when the area was attacked by Tatar army)
    * reaches Western Europe in 1348, Northern Europe in 1349
  2. Stage 2: improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine during industiral rev reducded disease
    * Cholera - results of crowding populations into cities (industrial rev), still in sub-Saharan Africa, South & Southeast Asia (lack clean water)
  3. **Stage 3: degenerative disease/man made disease **
    * chronic disorders assoiscated with aging
    * cardiovascular disease - heart attacks & cancers
    * stage 2 countries have least cancer, lower life expectancy
  4. Stage 4: deaths of degenerative disease at a later time
    * medical tech delays the death of paitents

AP HUG (2 decks)

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