unit 2 review Flashcards
cell theory
cells come from other cells, all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic structure of living things
microscope
led to the invention of cell theory
zacharias and hans janse
created the first compound microscope
anton van leeuwenhoek
created first microscope powerful enough to view microbes
robert hooke
first to name cell
theodor schwann
identified cells as basic structure of plant
mattihas schleiden
first to determine plants were composed of cells
rudolf virchow
first to state all cells come from other living cells
characteristics of life
made of cells, uses ATP, reproduction, evolve, grow + develop, maintain homeostasis, respond 2 enviro, DNA
what is an organelle?
a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
cell membrane
outside, proteins + lipids + carbs, phospholipid bilayer, regulates what enters and exits the cell, all cells (city limits)
cell wall
outside, proteins + lipids + carbs, interlocking matrix of cellulose, provides structure and protection to the cell, eubacteria + protista + fungi + plantae (police)
ribosomes
cytoplasm/rough er, proteins + nucleic acids, non-membrane organelles made of two subunits, involved in the synthesis of proteins, all cells (factory)
cytoplasm
inside, proteins + lipids + carbs, gelatinous substance found throughout the cell, site of most chemical reactions/helps maintain shape of cell, all cells (atmosphere)
flagella
attached, lipids + proteins, tail-like projections attached to the back of cells, movement of unicellular reactions, unicellular/mainly prokaryotes (city bus)
nucleus
center, nucleic acid, largest double membrane-bound organelle, contains cells genetic information, eukaryotic cells (mayors office)
smooth er
cytoplasm near nucleus, proteins + lipids, branching membrane covered in lipids, synthesis of lipids, eukaryotic cells (manufacturing plant)
rough er
cytoplasm near nucleus, proteins + lipids, highly folded membrane structure with ribosomes attached, transport of proteins to golgi apparatus, eukaryotic cells (city roads)
golgi apparatus
cytoplasm; near rough + smooth er, proteins + lipids, highly folded membrane structure, modifies/packs and ships proteins and lipids, eukaryotic cells (mailman)
vacuole
cytoplasm, lipids + proteins + carbs, membrane-bound + fluid-filled organelle found within cytoplasm, helps in digestion + excretion + storage of substances, eukaryotic cells; larger in plants (warehouse)
lysosomes
cytoplasm, lipids + proteins, tiny/circular-shaped/single membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes, helps in the digestion and removes waste and digests dead/damaged cells, “suicidal cells”, eukaryotic cells (recycling plant)
mitochondria
cytoplasm, lipids + proteins + carbs, double membrane-bound organelle with a highly folded inner membrane, main site of cellular respiration + involved in storing energy in the form of ATP molecules, eukaryotic cells (powerplant)
chloroplast
cytoplasm, lipids + proteins + carbs, double membrane-bound organelle w/ stacked thylakoid, site of photosynthesis; converting solar energy into glucose, plants + protista (solar energy farm)
plant vs animal cells
plant - chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole; animal - lysosomes, small vacuole, flagella; BOTH - mitochondria, cytoplasm, ER, nucleus, golgi body, membrane
phospholipid head
structure - phosphate group; function - hydrophilic
phospholipid bilayer
structure - consists of phospholipids in pairs; function - regulates what enters and exits the cell
endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts
phospholipid tail
structure - fatty acids; function - hydrophobic
channel protein
structure - transmembrane protein w/ channel; function - transportation of molecules that cannot go through bilayer
receptor protein
structure - transmembrane protein w/o channel; function - cell signaling
what molecules can freely move through cell membrane?
oxygen, water, carbon dioxide
why do carbon dioxide and water need to freely move through cell membrane?
cellular respiration
what is diffusion?
movement of molecules from high to low concentration
what determines the rate of passive transport in a cell?
simple diffusion
movement of small, non-polar molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, w/ concentration gradient; water, oxygen, carbon dioxide
facilitated diffusion
movement of large, polar, or charged molecules across a membrane, w/ concentration gradient
osmosis
diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane with a concentration gradient of high to low
what is facilitated transport?
large, polar, or charged molecules need the help of channel proteins to cross membrane; all active = facilitated, all facilitated ≠ active
what is active transport?
needs energy, goes against concentration gradient, not reach dynamic equilibrium
which type of transport will stop on its own to reach equilibrium?
passive transport
ion pumps
used for small molecules (ions) must move against concentration gradient; potassium/sodium
endocytosis
cell takes in molecules into intracellular space
exocytosis
cell releases molecules into extracellular space
passive vs active
active - atp, against con grad, low to high, no equilibrium; passive - no atp, w/ con grad, high to low, equilibrium; both - transports molecules, has con grad, some sort of facilitated transport
homeostasis
maintaining a constant stability
positive feedback loop
output amplifies (increases) the system (+)(+)
negative feedback loop
output inhibits (stops) the system (+)(-)
viruses dont fit what characteristics of life?
made of cells, atp, reproduction, grow + develop, maintain homeostasis
