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ADVANCED BIOLOGY > unit 2 review > Flashcards

unit 2 review Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell theory

A

cells come from other cells, all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic structure of living things

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2
Q

microscope

A

led to the invention of cell theory

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3
Q

zacharias and hans janse

A

created the first compound microscope

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4
Q

anton van leeuwenhoek

A

created first microscope powerful enough to view microbes

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5
Q

robert hooke

A

first to name cell

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6
Q

theodor schwann

A

identified cells as basic structure of plant

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7
Q

mattihas schleiden

A

first to determine plants were composed of cells

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8
Q

rudolf virchow

A

first to state all cells come from other living cells

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9
Q

characteristics of life

A

made of cells, uses ATP, reproduction, evolve, grow + develop, maintain homeostasis, respond 2 enviro, DNA

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10
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

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11
Q

cell membrane

A

outside, proteins + lipids + carbs, phospholipid bilayer, regulates what enters and exits the cell, all cells (city limits)

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12
Q

cell wall

A

outside, proteins + lipids + carbs, interlocking matrix of cellulose, provides structure and protection to the cell, eubacteria + protista + fungi + plantae (police)

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13
Q

ribosomes

A

cytoplasm/rough er, proteins + nucleic acids, non-membrane organelles made of two subunits, involved in the synthesis of proteins, all cells (factory)

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14
Q

cytoplasm

A

inside, proteins + lipids + carbs, gelatinous substance found throughout the cell, site of most chemical reactions/helps maintain shape of cell, all cells (atmosphere)

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15
Q

flagella

A

attached, lipids + proteins, tail-like projections attached to the back of cells, movement of unicellular reactions, unicellular/mainly prokaryotes (city bus)

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16
Q

nucleus

A

center, nucleic acid, largest double membrane-bound organelle, contains cells genetic information, eukaryotic cells (mayors office)

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17
Q

smooth er

A

cytoplasm near nucleus, proteins + lipids, branching membrane covered in lipids, synthesis of lipids, eukaryotic cells (manufacturing plant)

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18
Q

rough er

A

cytoplasm near nucleus, proteins + lipids, highly folded membrane structure with ribosomes attached, transport of proteins to golgi apparatus, eukaryotic cells (city roads)

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19
Q

golgi apparatus

A

cytoplasm; near rough + smooth er, proteins + lipids, highly folded membrane structure, modifies/packs and ships proteins and lipids, eukaryotic cells (mailman)

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20
Q

vacuole

A

cytoplasm, lipids + proteins + carbs, membrane-bound + fluid-filled organelle found within cytoplasm, helps in digestion + excretion + storage of substances, eukaryotic cells; larger in plants (warehouse)

20
Q

lysosomes

A

cytoplasm, lipids + proteins, tiny/circular-shaped/single membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes, helps in the digestion and removes waste and digests dead/damaged cells, “suicidal cells”, eukaryotic cells (recycling plant)

21
Q

mitochondria

A

cytoplasm, lipids + proteins + carbs, double membrane-bound organelle with a highly folded inner membrane, main site of cellular respiration + involved in storing energy in the form of ATP molecules, eukaryotic cells (powerplant)

22
Q

chloroplast

A

cytoplasm, lipids + proteins + carbs, double membrane-bound organelle w/ stacked thylakoid, site of photosynthesis; converting solar energy into glucose, plants + protista (solar energy farm)

23
Q

plant vs animal cells

A

plant - chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole; animal - lysosomes, small vacuole, flagella; BOTH - mitochondria, cytoplasm, ER, nucleus, golgi body, membrane

24
Q

phospholipid head

A

structure - phosphate group; function - hydrophilic

24
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

structure - consists of phospholipids in pairs; function - regulates what enters and exits the cell

25
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

26
Q

phospholipid tail

A

structure - fatty acids; function - hydrophobic

27
Q

channel protein

A

structure - transmembrane protein w/ channel; function - transportation of molecules that cannot go through bilayer

28
Q

receptor protein

A

structure - transmembrane protein w/o channel; function - cell signaling

29
Q

what molecules can freely move through cell membrane?

A

oxygen, water, carbon dioxide

30
Q

why do carbon dioxide and water need to freely move through cell membrane?

A

cellular respiration

31
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration

32
Q

what determines the rate of passive transport in a cell?

A
33
Q

simple diffusion

A

movement of small, non-polar molecules across a semi-permeable membrane, w/ concentration gradient; water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

34
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

movement of large, polar, or charged molecules across a membrane, w/ concentration gradient

35
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane with a concentration gradient of high to low

36
Q

what is facilitated transport?

A

large, polar, or charged molecules need the help of channel proteins to cross membrane; all active = facilitated, all facilitated ≠ active

37
Q

what is active transport?

A

needs energy, goes against concentration gradient, not reach dynamic equilibrium

38
Q

which type of transport will stop on its own to reach equilibrium?

A

passive transport

39
Q

ion pumps

A

used for small molecules (ions) must move against concentration gradient; potassium/sodium

40
Q

endocytosis

A

cell takes in molecules into intracellular space

41
Q

exocytosis

A

cell releases molecules into extracellular space

42
Q

passive vs active

A

active - atp, against con grad, low to high, no equilibrium; passive - no atp, w/ con grad, high to low, equilibrium; both - transports molecules, has con grad, some sort of facilitated transport

43
Q

homeostasis

A

maintaining a constant stability

44
Q

positive feedback loop

A

output amplifies (increases) the system (+)(+)

45
Q

negative feedback loop

A

output inhibits (stops) the system (+)(-)

45
Q

viruses dont fit what characteristics of life?

A

made of cells, atp, reproduction, grow + develop, maintain homeostasis

ADVANCED BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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