Unit 2: Reformation Flashcards
How did the role of women change during the reformation?
More opportunity for marriage because men left clergy and married BECAUSE protestants believed clergy could marry.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
1572- All French Huguenots in Paris killed.
Luther: Faith Alone
Sola fide, Luther believed that having faith in Christ brought salvation, not good works.
Calvinists
The minority protestant denomination; John Calvin’s followers, who believed in predestination.
Consistory: Calvinism
Geneva, the body that disciplined people who violated the law that was based on the Calvinist interpretation of the bible.
How did Calvinist view hard work?
Protestant work ethic comes from believing that it was pleasing to god, and that prospering in good works showed that you were “elect”.
Jesuits
Most influential Catholic order during the counter-reformation.
How did Protestant churches look?
Plain, no decorations, THEY BELIEVED tithes (tenth of annual produce or earnings) should be spent on the needy not on buildings or art.
Peace of Augsburg
1555: Charles V and Schmalkaldic League signed it (HRE, Modern Germany), made it so rulers of a state can decide their people’s religion, (only Lutheranism or Catholicism)
France the Edict of Nates
1598: Provided some protection for protestants in France.
How did Calvinist interpret the word of God?
ALL protestants believed that one has to read and interpret the bible for oneself, not through a priest.
How were Calvinists and Lutherans different?
Calvinists believed in predestination.
Why did King Henry break with the Catholic Church?
Divorce.
He absorbed wealth of catholic church in England and became head of church and state.
What was the council of Trent?
Part of the Catholic counter reformation. The Catholic church agreed to improve the education of the clergy. (series of meetings 1545-1563) REFORMED: practices. AFFIRMED: doctrine
Defeat of the Spanish Armada. How did this impact England how did this impact Spain?
1588: Marked the ascension of England and the descent of Spain.
Elizabeth I politique
Middle ground between Catholics and Protestants in England, compromised.
How did Lutherans view secular (non-religious) leaders how did Calvinist view secular leaders?
They both believed that if a leader violated the laws of nature that they should be opposed, while others believed they should be obeyed.
Why did France support Protestants?
Because they wanted to keep the balance of power in Europe by weakening the Habsburgs.
Why were the Jesuit and Ursuline (Roman Catholic nuns) orders established?
They were established to uplift the clergy and bring support to the lay people.
Who was Martin Luther? What is anticlericalism?
Father of protestant reformation. Anticlericalism was when people were critical of the uneducated and unethical clergy.
How did the printing press affect Martin Luther and his reformation?
He was able to disseminated (spread) his teachings to Europe.
What did Luther and Zwingli disagree about?
The Eucharist.
How did Luther explain the Roman exploitation to the German princes?
He reminded them that they were exploited and should be wary of the Roman Catholic church.
IN THE HRE, who could determine whether people were Protestant or Catholic?
Princes could decide (1555 Peace of Augsburg)
What did Luther believe about celibacy?
He was not celibate, believed that it opposed human nature.
Why did Elizabeth the first kill Mary Queen of Scots?
She found out that Mary Queen of Scots was trying to kill her.
Why did Philip II launch his Armada against England?
Wanted to bring Catholicism to England and please the Italian pope.
What does Elizabeth I of England and Henry IV of France both have in common?
Both are Politiques
Martin Luther, priesthood of all believer’s less hierarchical church.
He believed in singular relationship of the believer and god, did not want hierarchy.
What was the German peasant revolt?
1524: Peasants wanted more freedom and money. Princes squashed the rebellion.
Why didn’t Martin Luther support the peasant’s revolt in Germany?
1524: Needed German Prince’s approval of Protestantism.
HRE Council of Trent;
Best interpretation of scripture?
Was there the abolishment of sacraments?
Focused on elaborating on catholic doctrine;
The Catholic Church;
No abolishment of sacrament
What was the Catholic church’s stance on indulgences during the council of Trent?
They still sold indulgences, but were more careful of how they were given out and who they were given to.
30 years war: how did it begin? What was it about?
Protestants against popular king in Bohemia (Central Europe).
Ferdinand of Bohemia
Catholic HR Emperor who revoked freedom of religion from protestants in the HR Empire.
Charles V abdication- what were the consequences?
1555: HR Empire split between Spain and Austria and the Peace of Augsburg.
