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Anthropology (HSP3U) > Unit 2:Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 2:Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Optical Illusions

A

When our retina transmit information to the occipital lobe and interperate information which is why everyone perceive everything differently

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2
Q

Psychodynamic Theory

A

All human behaviour is influenced by early-childhood and that childhood experiences influence the unconscious mind through-out life

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3
Q

Defence Mechanisms (Freud)

A

The ego’s way of distorting reality to deal with anxiety

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4
Q

Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy

A

A humanistic therapy which the clients plays an active role

Clients play role in their recovery rather than therapist interpretation of the issue.

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5
Q

What a Theory and Hypothesis are

A

Theory is ideas and principles that are
intended to explain a phenomenon. A
theory arises from repeated
observation and testing.

A hypothesis is a specific, testable prediction about what
you expect to happen in a study.

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6
Q

Research Methods

A

Correlational Research, Experimental Research, Descriptive Research, Correlation vs. Causation

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7
Q

Bias’

A

Explicit bias: attitude and beliefs that we have about a person or group on a conscious level. We are fully aware of these so they can be self reported (racial bias)

Implicit bias: Unconscious attidues that lie below the surface, may be influenced by our behaviours.
Attitude or stereotypes that affects our understanding and descrisions in a unconiscouis manner

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8
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • Study of DNA interactions with smaller molecules in cells
    -Study of how your environment and habits can turn your genes on or off without changing DNA itself
    -Ex: DNA is like a recipe book and epigenetic is like the chef( your body) that decides which recipes to use and when-based on things like stress, food, sleep, or exercise.

It is the interaction between hereditary and environment that gives us a unique trait

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9
Q

Big Five Personality Traits

A

Openness
Imaginative
Independent
vs.
Practical
Conforming
Conscientiousness
Organized
Careful
vs.
Disorganized
Carelessness
Extroversion
Outgoing
Energetic
vs.
Shy
Reserved
Agreeableness
Friendly
Helpful
vs.
Cold
Unkind
Neuroticism
Anxious
Insecure
vs.
Calm
secure

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10
Q

Self-Actualization (Maslow)

A

Achieving opne full potential including creative activites (Self-fulfillment needs)

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11
Q

What was the main focus of Alfred Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment?

A

The experiment focused on observational learning and the impact of modeling on children’s behavior.

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12
Q

True or False: The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children learn aggression through direct reinforcement only.

A

False

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: In the Bobo doll experiment, children observed an adult behaving __________ toward a Bobo doll.

A

aggressively

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14
Q

What type of learning theory did Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment help to establish?

A

Social learning theory

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15
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following was NOT a condition tested in the Bobo doll experiment? A) Aggressive model, B) Non-aggressive model, C) No model, D) Verbal reinforcement

A

D) Verbal reinforcement

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16
Q

Who is the psychologist known for introducing the concept of archetypes?

A

Carl Jung

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17
Q

True or False: Archetypes are universal symbols that are part of the collective unconscious.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: According to Jung, the _____ is a part of the unconscious mind shared by all human beings.

A

collective unconscious

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of Jung’s primary archetypes? A) The Hero B) The Shadow C) The Mentor D) The Anima

A

C) The Mentor

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20
Q

Why does Jung believe we are born with these archetypes?

A

Our collective unconscious contains image from early ancestors experience

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21
Q

Collective unconscious

A

The shared, inherited pool of memories from our ancestor

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22
Q

What is the primary focus of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial development theory?

A

The development of personality and identity through eight stages across the lifespan.

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23
Q

True or False: Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development are only applicable during childhood.

A

False

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development is called __________.

A

Trust vs. Mistrust
(1-2 years old)

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25
Which stage in Erikson's theory involves the conflict of 'Identity vs. Role Confusion'?
Current stage: Adolescence (13-19) We have identity crisis as we explore, we can find our identity
26
What is individual growth dependant on?
Society and personal experiences
27
What are the three components of Freud's model of the psyche?
The id, ego, and superego.
28
True or False: The id operates on the pleasure principle.
True.
29
Fill in the blank: The ______ is the part of the psyche that mediates between the desires of the id and the morals of the superego.
ego.
30
Which component of Freud's model is often associated with superhero characteristics like strength and morality?
The superego. Moral centre of the mind
31
Multiple Choice: Which of the following best describes the ego? A) The moral compass B) The irrational part of the psyche C) The rational part that deals with reality D) The source of primal desires
C) The rational part that deals with reality principal
32
Analogy for ego
Ego is the individual (brain) while id is the devil and superego is the angel on the shoulder
33
What is object permanence according to Piaget's theory?
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
34
At what stage of Piaget's cognitive development does a child first demonstrate object permanence?
Object permanence is typically developed during the Sensorimotor stage, specifically around 0-2 years old
35
True or False: Object permanence is fully developed at birth.
False
36
Fill in the blank: In Piaget's theory, the inability to understand object permanence is characteristic of infants in the ______ stage.
Sensorimotor
37
What experiment did Piaget use to test object permanence in infants?
Piaget used the A-not-B task, where an object is hidden in one location and then moved to another, to test infants' understanding of object permanence.
38
What type of research design is characterized by the manipulation of variables to determine cause-and-effect relationships?
Experimental Research
39
True or False: Correlational research can establish causation between variables.
False
40
Fill in the blank: Descriptive research is primarily focused on ________ characteristics without manipulating any variables.
observing
41
Which type of research involves study that investigates the connection between two or more variables is ________ research
Correlational Research Ex: An example of correlational research would be looking at how age and alcohol consumption correlate
42
What is the key difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, while causation indicates that one variable directly affects another.
43
How does bias effect theories of psychology?
Category of biases, known as cognitive biases, are repeated patterns of thinking that can **lead to inaccurate or unreasonable conclusions**. Cognitive biases may help people make quicker decisions, but those decisions aren't always accurate.
44
Bias examples
Anchoring bias Intake on the very first information we get Avaliavility heuristic bias When news always talk about something they believe about it more They do not believe facts and statistic, rather the media Bandwagon bias Following the peoples actions/opinions around you Choice supportive bias Most likely to support one side because they had a choice to put their opinion in Conformation bias We like to hear of conformation of stuff we already know Ostrich bias Only want to consider the positive information Often ignore the negative effect because they think they are an outlier
45
What is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
Self-actualization
46
True or False: Self-actualization is the need to realize one's full potential.
True
47
Fill in the blank: According to Maslow, self-actualization occurs after the fulfillment of _____ needs.
esteem
48
List hierarchy of needs
Self actualization: Achieving opne full potential including creative activites (Self-fulfillment needs) Esteem needs: Prestige and feeling of accomplishments (Psychological needs) Belongingness and love needs: Intimate relationships, friends (Psychological needs) Safety needs: Security, safety (Psychological needs) Physiological needs: Food, water, warmth rest (Basic needs)
49
List one example of a behavior that indicates self-actualization.
Pursuing personal growth or engaging in creative activities.
50
What is the primary focus of behaviourism?
The primary focus of behaviourism is the **study of observable behaviors and the ways in which they are learned and reinforced.**
51
True or False: Classical conditioning involves learning through reinforcement and punishment.
False: Classical conditioning involves learning through association, not reinforcement and punishment.
52
Fill in the blank: In operant conditioning, behaviors are modified by their __________.
consequences
53
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? A) Pavlov's dogs salivating at the sound of a bell B) A child receiving praise for completing homework C) A rat learning to press a lever for food
B and C are examples of operant conditioning.
54
What is the main difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
The main difference is that operant conditioning involves learning through consequences (reinforcement or punishment), while classical conditioning involves learning through the association between two stimuli.
55
What does the term 'nature' refer to in the context of the Nature vs. Nurture debate?
Nature refers to the genetic and biological factors that influence behavior and traits. Heredity (Nature) -Refers to physical characteristics and aspects of personality and behaviour -Your generic structure: you inherit these from your relatives -Gene determines physical characteristics
56
True or False: The 'nurture' aspect of the debate emphasizes the role of environment and experience in shaping an individual.
True Environment (Nuture) -The source of external, non inherirted influences on human development -One’s environmeny includes social, cultural, and physical element
57
Fill in the blank: The Nature vs. Nurture debate explores the relative contributions of _____ and _____ to human development.
genetics, environment
58
Which of the following is a key concept in the Nature vs. Nurture debate? A) Genetic predisposition B) Environmental influence C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
59
Short Answer: What is one example of a trait that is often discussed in the Nature vs. Nurture debate?
Intelligence
60
What's a way research can study impacts of nature vs nurture
Identical twin studies Nature: Both identical which means DNA is the same so physical characteristics may be the same Nurture: Can place then into different environments and see how it effects the twins
61
What are dreams and why do we dream?
Experiences and images that occur during sleep, often involving thoughts, emotion, and sensation. hey play a crucial role in processing emotions, consolidating memories, and problem solving.
62
Functions of dreams
Pyschological functions -May help with emotional regulation - allowing indivcide to process feelings and experiences -Can provide insight to unresloved issues and aid problem solving Physiological functions -Research suggest that dreams play a role in consolidating memories and learning -During REM sleep the brain process information integrating new experiences with existing knowledge
63
What are the steps of the scientific method?
1. Observation 2. Research topic area 3. Hypothesis 4. Test with experiment 5. Anyalze data 6. Report conclusions
64
True or False: The hypothesis is a testable prediction.
True
65
Fill in the blank: The step that involves collecting data to test the hypothesis is called _____.
Experimentation
66
Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method? A) Analysis B) Conclusion C) Assumption D) Experimentation
C) Assumption
67
What is the purpose of the conclusion step in the scientific method?
To determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected based on the experimental data.
68
What are the two main stages of Piaget's moral development theory?
Heteronomous morality and Autonomous morality. Heteronomous 5-10 years old: Associated with moral realism and absolutism: Moral knowledge and understanding are right and wrong etc. emanate from external sources (God, adults) and obedience is good in itself. 5-10 years old Autonomous 10+ years Associated with moral relativism: Morality is not a matter of obeying external objective and absolute. Laws, rules, punishment, authorities; rather, moral rules grow out of human relationships and we must respect people's differering points of view.
69
True or False: According to Piaget, children in the heteronomous stage view rules as flexible and subject to change.
False.
70
Fill in the blank: In Piaget's theory, children typically transition from heteronomous morality to autonomous morality around the age of _____.
10.
71
What is the key characteristic of autonomous morality in Piaget's theory?
Understanding that rules are created by people and can be changed through mutual consent.
72
Multiple choice: Which of the following best describes the moral reasoning of children in the heteronomous stage? A) They see rules as absolute. B) They see rules as negotiable. C) They prioritize personal feelings over rules.
A) They see rules as absolute.

Anthropology (HSP3U) (3 decks)

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