Unit 2 Psych Chapter 10: Prosocial & Antisocial Behaviour Flashcards
Define Social behaviour
Any behaviour where interaction occurs between 2 or more people.
Define Prosocial behaviour
Any behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society
What are the 3 factors that influence Prosocial behaviour?
1) Situational Factors
2) Social Norms
3) Personal Factors
What are the 3 factors in Situational factors
1) Noticing the situation
2) Interpreting the situation
3) Taking Responsibility for helping
Explain ‘Noticing the Situation’
People are more likely to notice if alone rather than if they were in a group.
Explain ‘Interpreting the Situation’
The less ambiguous the situation, the more likely someone is to help.More ambiguous or unclear, less likely to help.
Explain ‘Taking Responsibility for helping’
Unlikely to help if you don’t believe it is your responsibility - the presence of others influence this.
What is the Bystander Effect?
We are less likely to help someone when other people are present. When others are around, we place the responsibility to help on others (diffusion of responsibility)
What are social norms?
The standards or rules that govern what people should or should not do in different social situations
What are the social norms?
1) Reciprocity norm
2) Social Responsibility Norm
Define Reciprocity norms
Based on the reciprocity principal, we should give what we received of expect to receive, so we should help others who help us.
Define Social Responsibility Norm
It is our duty to help someone, even if it is known that they would be incapable of returning the favour.
What are the Personal Factors that influence Prosocial behaviour?
1) Empathy
2) Mood
3) Competence
Define empathy
The ability to identify with and understand another person’s feelings or difficulties. We are more likely to help someone in need of help, often because we are feeling the distress the person is going through.
Explain Empathy
We are more likely to help someone in need of help, often because we are feeling the distress the person is going through.
Explain mood
People are more likely to help when they are in a good mood, irrespective of what causes the good mood
Define and explain Competence
People with ability or training relevant to the situation where help is required are more like to help than those untrained. Untrained may help, but indirectly (e.g: phoning emergency services)
Define Altruism
A form of prosocial behaviour focused on the wellbeing or benefit of others for their own sake, without any thoughts of personal gains or rewards.
Characteristics of Altruism
- No chance of personal gain or reward
- ‘Genuine altruism’ - involves element of personal risk as placing someone’s survival above their own (not part of definition)
What are the Factors influencing Reluctance to Help?
1) Diffusion of Responsibility
2) Audience Inhibition
3) Cost-Benefit Analysis
What is Social Influences?
The effects of the presence or actions of others either real or imagined, of the way people think, feel and behave.
Define Diffusion of Responsibility
Belief that in situation requiring help where others are present, one or more other people will or should take responsibility for helping.
Explain Diffusion of Responsibility
When others are present, responsibility is diffused (spread) across the whole group. The increase in amount of people decreases the likelihood that any one person will help.
Define Audience Inhibition
The fear of appearing foolish in front of others.
Explain Audience Inhibition
The presence of others provide and this increases the chances of being embarrassed or seeming foolish which inhibits or prevents someone from helping.
Define Cost-Benefit Analysis
Weighing up personal and social costs of belong against the benefits of helping.
What does Rewards in Cost-Benefit Analysis include?
Includes monetary reward, gratitude of the victim, help in return, feeling good and an increase in self esteem of social approval.
What does Cost in Cost-Benefit Analysis include?
Includes the effort and time required to help, risks such as harm, feeling bad (guilt or embarrassment) or loss of resoruces.
Define Antisocial behaviour
Any behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to the wellbeing or property of another person or to the functioning of a group or society.
Define aggression
Any behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to a person (including self), animal of object. There must be an intention of harm, regardless if it is done or not.
What are the 4 Perspectives of Aggression?
1) Psychodynamic
2) Ethnological
3) Biological
4) Social Learning
Define Psychodynamic Perspective
An inner urge or ‘force’ builds up within us until it needs to be released which emphasise complex interaction of mostly unconscious mental processes
Define Ethological Perspective
Animal behaviour which behaviour occurs in natural habitat. Aggression is instinctive and has adaptive and survival functions.
Define Biological Perspective
Aggression has a biological basis and is influenced by our genes, biochemistry and Nervous System.
Define Social Learning
Aggression is a learned behaviour and most of the learning occurs through observing and copying aggressive behaviour.
What is Bandara’s study?
Albert Bandara found children watched an adult model in a video behave aggressively towards a Bobo doll and being reward, punished or receiving no consequences.
• children rewarded demonstrated aggressive behaviour
• children punished demonstrated least aggressive behaviour but demonstrated aggressive behaviour once reward was offered.
What are the 4 conditions necessary for observational learning to occur?
1) Must pay attention to the model’s behaviour
2) Must remember model’s behaviour
3) Must have ability to imitate behaviour observed
4) Must be motivated to perform behaviour
or ARRM (Attention, Remember, Reproduce, Motivated)
Example of Prosocial behaviour
Helping someone pick up something dropped
Example of Antisocial behaviour
- Breaking laws, rules or social norms
* Damaging property rights of others
