Unit 2 - Population and Migration Flashcards
Ecumene
Definition: The permanently inhabited portions of the Earth’s surface. Example: Urban and agricultural areas are part of the ecumene.
Population Distribution
Definition: The arrangement of people on the Earth’s surface. Example: High population density in cities like Tokyo.
Population Doubling Time
Definition: The time it takes for a population to double in size. Example: A population with a 2% annual growth rate will double in about 35 years.
Immigrant
Definition: A person who moves to a new country to settle. Example: Someone moving from Mexico to the U.S. for work. J-Curve
Emigrant
Definition: A person who leaves their country to settle elsewhere. Example: Someone leaving India to live in Canada.
Arithmetic Population Density
Definition: The total population divided by the total land area. Example: The arithmetic density of Japan is much higher than Canada.
Physiological Population Density
Definition: The number of people per unit of arable land. Example: Egypt has a high physiological density because most people live near the Nile.
Population Decline
Definition: A decrease in the number of people in a region. Example: Japan is experiencing population decline due to low birth rates.
Population Growth
Definition: The increase in the number of people in a region over time. Example: India’s population growth rate is one of the highest globally.
Net Migration Rate (NMR)
Definition: The difference between immigrants and emigrants per 1000 people in a year. Example: A positive NMR indicates more people are entering than leaving a country.
Forced Migration
Definition: Movement of people due to conflict natural disasters or other pressures. Example: Refugees fleeing Syria during the civil war.
Agricultural Population Density
Definition: The number of farmers per unit of arable land. Example: High agricultural density in rural India.
Population Pressure
Definition: Stress on resources due to high population density. Example: Overpopulation leading to deforestation in parts of Indonesia.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG)
Definition: When the birth rate equals the death rate resulting in no net growth. Example: Some European countries are near zero population growth.
Infrastructure
Definition: The physical and organizational structures needed for a society. Example: Roads schools and hospitals are part of a nation’s infrastructure.
Refugee
Definition: A person forced to leave their country due to war persecution or disaster. Example: Refugees from Afghanistan seeking asylum in neighboring countries.
Internally Displaced Person (IDP)
Definition: A person forced to leave their home but remains within their country. Example: People displaced by floods in Pakistan but staying within the region.
Carrying Capacity
Definition: The maximum population an area can support without environmental degradation. Example: Overgrazing can exceed the carrying capacity of grasslands.
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Definition: A model showing population changes over time due to industrialization. Example: Stage 3 of the DTM includes declining birth and death rates.
Sex Ratio
Definition: The number of males per 100 females in a population. Example: Some countries have a skewed sex ratio due to cultural preferences.
Age Structure
Definition: The distribution of different age groups in a population. Example: A population pyramid shows a country’s age structure.
Demographic Momentum
Definition: Continued population growth after fertility rates decline due to a young population. Example: High birth rates in Africa will result in demographic momentum.
Voluntary Migration
Definition: Movement of people by choice often for economic reasons. Example: A family moving to a new city for better job opportunities.
Dependency Ratio
Definition: The number of dependents (young and elderly) per working-age population. Example: High dependency ratios in aging societies like Japan.
Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)
Definition: A model showing shifts in disease patterns as countries develop. Example: Transition from infectious to degenerative diseases in developed countries.
Involuntary Migration
Definition: Movement forced by external factors like war or natural disasters. Example: People displaced by hurricanes.
Per Capita
Definition: Per person; used to measure averages. Example: GDP per capita is used to compare countries’ economies.
Interregional
Definition: Migration between regions within a country. Example: Moving from the Midwest to the West Coast in the U.S.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Definition: The difference between the birth rate and death rate. Example: Sub-Saharan Africa has a high RNI.
Pandemic
Definition: A disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area. Example: COVID-19 is a global pandemic.
Intraregional
Definition: Migration within a single region. Example: Moving from rural areas to cities within the same state.
Population Pyramid
Definition: A graphical representation of a population’s age and sex structure. Example: A pyramid shape often indicates a young population.
Degenerative Disease
Definition: Chronic diseases common in aging populations. Example: Heart disease and Alzheimer’s.
Transnational
Definition: Movement across national borders. Example: Migrants moving from Mexico to the United States.
Cohort
Definition: A group of people with shared characteristics often age-related. Example: The baby boomer cohort in the U.S.
Malthusian Population Theory
Definition: The idea that population growth will outpace food production causing scarcity. Example: Predictions of famine due to unchecked population growth.
Transhumance
Definition: The seasonal movement of people with their livestock. Example: Nomadic herders moving between mountains and valleys.
Fertility
Definition: The ability to produce offspring; often measured by birth rates. Example: Fertility rates are higher in developing countries.
Neo-Malthusians
Definition: People who support Malthus’s ideas but include modern concerns like resource depletion. Example: Advocates for population control to reduce environmental strain.
Internal Migration
Definition: Movement within the same country. Example: A family relocating from Texas to California.
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Definition: The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime. Example: The global TFR is approximately 2.4 children per woman.
Famine
Definition: Extreme scarcity of food affecting large populations. Example: The Great Irish Famine in the 19th century.
Migration Stream
Definition: A flow of migrants from a specific origin to a specific destination. Example: Migrants moving from rural Mexico to urban areas in the U.S.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Definition: The number of live births per 1000 people in a year. Example: A country with 20 births per 1000 people has a CBR of 20.
Pronatalism
Definition: Policies or beliefs encouraging higher birth rates. Example: Financial incentives for families in France.
Chain Migration
Definition: Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same community previously migrated there. Example: Families from India settling in areas with established Indian communities in the U.S.
Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Definition: The number of deaths per 1000 people in a year. Example: A country with 8 deaths per 1000 people has a CDR of 8.
Antinatalism
Definition: Policies or beliefs discouraging high birth rates. Example: China’s former one-child policy.
Step Migration
Definition: Migration that occurs in stages often from rural to urban areas. Example: Moving from a village to a town and then to a city.
Mortality
Definition: The number of deaths in a population. Example: Infant mortality rates are used to measure health standards.
Social Values
Definition: Shared beliefs about what is desirable or important in a society. Example: Valuing large families in some cultures.
Guest Worker
Definition: A foreign laborer who temporarily works in another country. Example: Workers from Southeast Asia in Middle Eastern countries.
Brain Drain
Definition: The emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from a country. Example: Doctors leaving developing countries for higher-paying jobs abroad.
Life Expectancy
Definition: The average number of years a person is expected to live. Example: Japan has one of the highest life expectancies in the world.
Family Planning
Definition: The practice of controlling the number and timing of childbirths. Example: Promoting contraception to reduce unintended pregnancies.
Rural-to-Urban Migration
Definition: The movement of people from countryside areas to cities. Example: Farmers moving to urban centers in search of jobs.
Child Mortality Rate
Definition: The number of deaths of children under five per 1000 live births. Example: Improved healthcare reduces child mortality rates.
Contraception
Definition: Methods used to prevent pregnancy. Example: The use of birth control pills.
Intervening Opportunity
Definition: A closer or more attractive alternative that reduces the need to migrate further. Example: Finding a job in a nearby city instead of moving to a distant one.
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Definition: A set of principles describing migration patterns. Example: Most migrants move short distances and long-distance migrants head to major cities.
Migration
Definition: The movement of people from one place to another. Example: Migration from rural to urban areas for better employment.
Push Factors
Definition: Negative conditions driving people to leave their home. Example: Conflict or natural disasters.
Intervening Obstacle
Definition: A barrier preventing or complicating migration. Example: Strict immigration policies.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Definition: The difference between birth and death rates excluding migration. Example: Countries with high RNIs are often in developing regions.
Pull Factors
Definition: Positive conditions attracting people to a new location. Example: Better job opportunities or safety.
Arable
Definition: Land suitable for farming. Example: Fertile plains are considered arable land.
Literacy Rates
Definition: The percentage of people in a population who can read and write. Example: Developed countries tend to have higher literacy rates than developing ones.
J- Curve
Definition: A graph showing exponential growth after an initial period of slow growth or decline. Example: In developing countries, population growth may start slow or decline but can rapidly increase once conditions improve, creating a J-curve.
Asylum Seeker
Definition: A person who flees their home country and seeks refuge in another country, claiming they are at risk of persecution. Example: A person fleeing war in Syria going to another country.
