Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards
Carrying capacity
the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology.
Cohort
a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience; not necessarily bases only on age, but may also be defined based on criteria such as time of marriage or time of graduation; all individuals in a certain age range
Demographic equation
summarizes the contribution made to regional population change over time by the combination of natural change (difference between births and deaths) and net migration (difference between in-migration and out-migration) Formula for population change: P2 = P1 + B - D + I - O with P1 = population in time 1, P2 = population in time 2, B = births, D = deaths, I = in-migrants, and O = out-migrants
Demographic momentum
(population momentum) the tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.
Demographic regions and Population distributions
- 72.7% in Eurasia, 2. 7.9% in North America, 3. 13.2% in Africa, 4. 5.7% in South America, and 5. .5% in Australia and Oceania. With 21% in China, 17% in India, and only 4.6% in the United States. One in five humans lives in one valley in one province of China: Red Basin of Sichuan.
Most of the population lives in lower elevations and temperate climates,
Most of the population lives a long one longitude line across North America, Europe, and Northern China.
Demographic Transition
the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Dependency ratio
a simple measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years (usually 15-64) must support. Population pyramids give quick visual evidence of that ratio.
High dependency ratio = increased pressure on the working age
Usually:
High youth ratio = low income countries, in stage 2-3 of DTM
High elder ratio = high income, in state 5
Diaspora
scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad.
Diffusion of fertility control
how fertility rates are lowered; during the final two stages of the demographic transition depend on both the successful cultural diffusion of effective methods of birth control and the widespread acceptance of the notion that small families are preferable to large ones; fertility decline became accepted as countries industrialized largely because children were no longer needed to help with farm work.
Disease diffusion
epidemiology: branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people; uses geographic concepts to understand the distribution and method of diffusion of diseases; one might expect all diseases to spread exclusively by contagious diffusion, in fact they spread through all types of diffusion: relocation in the forms of tourism, long-distance truck drivers; hierarchical such as AIDS in urban areas.
Doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Ecumene
that part of the earth’s surface physically suitable for permanent human settlement; the permanently inhabited areas of the earth
Epidemiological Transition Model
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition; stage s1 and 2 are the stages of pestilence and famine, infectious and parasitic diseases, and accidents and attacks by animals and other humans; stages 3 and 4 are the stages of degenerative and human-created diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases and cancer; stage 5 is the stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.
Fertility
the natural capability to produce offspring.
Gender roles
culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman, are closely tied to how many children are produced by couples
Geodemography
population geography, the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, and mobility.
Infant mortality rate
the number of infants per 1,000 live births who die before reaching one year of age
Best example of a country’s healthcare, peripheral has the highest, core the lowest
J- Curve
a curve depicting exponential or geometric growth
Maladaptation
an adaptation that is less helpful than harmful; It can also signify an adaptation that, whilst reasonable at the time, has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. This is because it is possible for an adaptation to be poorly selected or become less appropriate or even become on balance more of a dysfunction than a positive adaptation, over time
Morality
death rate, the number o deaths per year per thousand population
Below 10 in 1000 is low, above 20 is high
CDR is declining because of increase in life expectancy
Places in Europe might have higher CDRs because of a high elder population, but the CDR does not differentiate between deaths due to old age or conflict/poverty
Birth Rate
birth rate, the number of live births per year per thousand population.
Lowest in Europe, highest in Africa because of things like healthcare, wealth, and gender roles
Neo-Malthusian
argue two main points: 1. the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries; 2. the world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources , not just food production; viewpoint held that in order to lift living standards, the existing national efforts to lower mortality rates had to be balanced by governmental programs to reduce birth rates
Overpopulation
the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Pandemic
a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population.
Physiological density
the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Gives the best picture of the population and the stress it puts on the land
Population explosion
a dramatic increase in world population since 1900. The crucial element triggering this explosion has been a dramatic decrease in the death rate, particularly for infants and children, in most of the world
Population projection
estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data
Population pyramid
a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.
Rate of natural increase
the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
S- Curve
the horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential or J-curve
Standard of living
refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. It is generally measured by standards such as income inequality, poverty rate, real (i.e. inflation adjusted) income per person. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, educational standards and social rights are often used too. Examples are access to certain goods (such as number of refrigerators per 1000 people), or measures of health such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a country are able to satisfy their wants.
Sustainability
the survival of a land-use system for centuries or millennia without destruction of the environmental base, allowing generation after generation to continue to live there.
Thomas Malthus
English economist and cleric was the most famous pioneer observer of population growth with the publishing in 1798 of An Essay on the Principle of Population, known as the “dismal essay.” He believed that the human ability to multiply far exceeds our ability to increase food production. He maintained that “a strong and constantly operating check on population” will necessarily act as a natural control on numbers. He regarded famine, disease, and war as the inevitable outcome of the human population’s outstripping the food supply
Underpopulation
circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants
Zero population growth
when the total fertility rate ( measured as the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 44 years of age) or TFR is at 2.1 which is a stabilized population, one that does not increase or decrease
Push Factor
negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.
Ex. Famine, conflict, instability
Mostly involuntary migration, forcing people to migrant
Pull Factor
positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
Ex. stability, safe neighborhoods, job opportunities
Mostly voluntary migrations
Voluntary Migration
permanent movement undertaken by choice
Forced Migration
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural or political factors
Transnational migrant
migrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state.
Refugee
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Once in a new country they can apply for asylum, the right to protection
Intercontinental
permanent movement from one continent to another
Interregional
permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional
permanent movement within one region of a country
rural to urban
permanent movement from an agrarian sparsely populated region to a densely populated metropolitan area
Place utility
in human movement and migration studies, a measure of an individual’s perceived satisfaction for approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes
Activity space
the space within which daily activity occurs
Personal space
an invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she does not willingly admit others; situational and cultural variable
Space-time prism
a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of mobility at our command
Space-time compression
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Gravity Model
a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
Distance Decay
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Step Migration
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city
Chain Migration
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Intervening opportunity
Positive
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away, the migrant chooses to stop.
Intervening obstacle
Negative
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration, and forces the migrant to stop
Cyclic Movement
movement, for example: nomadic migration, that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
Migratory Movement
periodic movement involving millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances
Migration transition
change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
Transhumance
the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
Internal Migration
permanent movement within a particular country.
International Migration
permanent movement from one country to another.
Migration
form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
Arithmetic Density
Total Population/Total Area
Gives a general comparison, but not the whole picture.
Agricultural Density
Total number of farmers/Total Arable land
Reveals a country’s wealth and advancement, as more advanced countries have lower agricultural densities due to technology and other job opportunities, while poorer countries have less technology and might have to rely on subsistence farming
Total Fertility Rate
Number of children one women has
Shows access to healthcare, education, and opportunities for women, and the economy as a whole
As women gain more rights, education, and opportunities, the TFR goes down
Pronatalist vs. Antinatalist Policies
Pronatalist: enacted to encourage births and accelerate population growth, combat aging populations, create a workforce as older generations retire, and promote a stronger economy, ex. videos, media, and incentives (tax breaks, free education, etc.) encouraging births, often fueled by nationalist and anti-immigrant sentiment
Antinatalist: discourage births, goal is to reduce risk of famine, disease, overuse of resources, and to ensure services for the population, ex. the One Child Policy, punishments for having more than a certain amount of children (like a fine), or sterilization, and education on contraception are all used
Anti Natalist policies can lead to a gender imbalance in places with strong gender preferences (preference for boys in China)
Internally Displaced people
People who are forced to flee a disaster in their home but remain in the country either by choice because the disaster is temporary, or by force because they do not have the resources to leave.
Skills gap
a shortage of labor in a particular section that core countries look to immigrants to fill, usually in agriculture, construction, or service
Remittances
money sent home by migrants; they are often a source of support for the economy and can cause an economic boom
Brain Drain
the loss of trained or educated people to a richer country
