Unit 2: Population and Migration

Question 1

Carrying capacity

Answer 1

the number of people an area can support on a sustained basis given the prevailing technology.

Question 2

Cohort

Answer 2

a group of individuals who share a common temporal demographic experience; not necessarily bases only on age, but may also be defined based on criteria such as time of marriage or time of graduation; all individuals in a certain age range

Question 3

Demographic equation

Answer 3

summarizes the contribution made to regional population change over time by the combination of natural change (difference between births and deaths) and net migration (difference between in-migration and out-migration) Formula for population change: P2 = P1 + B - D + I - O with P1 = population in time 1, P2 = population in time 2, B = births, D = deaths, I = in-migrants, and O = out-migrants

Question 4

Demographic momentum

Answer 4

(population momentum) the tendency for population growth to continue despite stringent family planning programs because of a relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing years.

Question 5

Demographic regions and Population distributions

Answer 5

1. 72.7% in Eurasia, 2. 7.9% in North America, 3. 13.2% in Africa, 4. 5.7% in South America, and 5. .5% in Australia and Oceania. With 21% in China, 17% in India, and only 4.6% in the United States. One in five humans lives in one valley in one province of China: Red Basin of Sichuan.
   Most of the population lives in lower elevations and temperate climates,
   Most of the population lives a long one longitude line across North America, Europe, and Northern China.

Question 6

Demographic Transition

Answer 6

the process of change in a society’s population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Question 7

Dependency ratio

Answer 7

a simple measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years (usually 15-64) must support. Population pyramids give quick visual evidence of that ratio.
High dependency ratio = increased pressure on the working age
Usually:
High youth ratio = low income countries, in stage 2-3 of DTM
High elder ratio = high income, in state 5

Question 8

Diaspora

Answer 8

scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad.

Question 9

Diffusion of fertility control

Answer 9

how fertility rates are lowered; during the final two stages of the demographic transition depend on both the successful cultural diffusion of effective methods of birth control and the widespread acceptance of the notion that small families are preferable to large ones; fertility decline became accepted as countries industrialized largely because children were no longer needed to help with farm work.

Question 10

Disease diffusion

Answer 10

epidemiology: branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that affect large numbers of people; uses geographic concepts to understand the distribution and method of diffusion of diseases; one might expect all diseases to spread exclusively by contagious diffusion, in fact they spread through all types of diffusion: relocation in the forms of tourism, long-distance truck drivers; hierarchical such as AIDS in urban areas.

Question 11

Doubling time

Answer 11

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Question 12

Ecumene

Answer 12

that part of the earth’s surface physically suitable for permanent human settlement; the permanently inhabited areas of the earth

Question 13

Epidemiological Transition Model

Answer 13

distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition; stage s1 and 2 are the stages of pestilence and famine, infectious and parasitic diseases, and accidents and attacks by animals and other humans; stages 3 and 4 are the stages of degenerative and human-created diseases, e.g., cardiovascular diseases and cancer; stage 5 is the stage of reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases.

Question 14

Fertility

Answer 14

the natural capability to produce offspring.

Question 15

Gender roles

Answer 15

culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman, are closely tied to how many children are produced by couples

Question 16

Geodemography

Answer 16

population geography, the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, and mobility.

Question 17

Infant mortality rate

Answer 17

the number of infants per 1,000 live births who die before reaching one year of age
Best example of a country’s healthcare, peripheral has the highest, core the lowest

Question 18

J- Curve

Answer 18

a curve depicting exponential or geometric growth

Question 19

Maladaptation

Answer 19

an adaptation that is less helpful than harmful; It can also signify an adaptation that, whilst reasonable at the time, has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. This is because it is possible for an adaptation to be poorly selected or become less appropriate or even become on balance more of a dysfunction than a positive adaptation, over time

Question 20

Morality

Answer 20

death rate, the number o deaths per year per thousand population
Below 10 in 1000 is low, above 20 is high
CDR is declining because of increase in life expectancy
Places in Europe might have higher CDRs because of a high elder population, but the CDR does not differentiate between deaths due to old age or conflict/poverty

Question 21

Birth Rate

Answer 21

birth rate, the number of live births per year per thousand population.
Lowest in Europe, highest in Africa because of things like healthcare, wealth, and gender roles

Question 22

Neo-Malthusian

Answer 22

argue two main points: 1. the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries; 2. the world population growth is outstripping a wide variety of resources , not just food production; viewpoint held that in order to lift living standards, the existing national efforts to lower mortality rates had to be balanced by governmental programs to reduce birth rates

Question 23

Overpopulation

Answer 23

the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Question 24

Pandemic

Answer 24

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of the population.

Question 25

Physiological density

Answer 25

the number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture Gives the best picture of the population and the stress it puts on the land

Question 26

Population explosion

Answer 26

a dramatic increase in world population since 1900. The crucial element triggering this explosion has been a dramatic decrease in the death rate, particularly for infants and children, in most of the world

Question 27

Population projection

Answer 27

estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data

Question 28

Population pyramid

Answer 28

a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Question 29

Rate of natural increase

Answer 29

the percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Question 30

S- Curve

Answer 30

the horizontal bending, or leveling, of an exponential or J-curve

Question 31

Standard of living

Answer 31

refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these services and goods are distributed within a population. It is generally measured by standards such as income inequality, poverty rate, real (i.e. inflation adjusted) income per person. Other measures such as access and quality of health care, educational standards and social rights are often used too. Examples are access to certain goods (such as number of refrigerators per 1000 people), or measures of health such as life expectancy. It is the ease by which people living in a country are able to satisfy their wants.

Question 32

Sustainability

Answer 32

the survival of a land-use system for centuries or millennia without destruction of the environmental base, allowing generation after generation to continue to live there.

Question 33

Thomas Malthus

Answer 33

English economist and cleric was the most famous pioneer observer of population growth with the publishing in 1798 of An Essay on the Principle of Population, known as the “dismal essay.” He believed that the human ability to multiply far exceeds our ability to increase food production. He maintained that “a strong and constantly operating check on population” will necessarily act as a natural control on numbers. He regarded famine, disease, and war as the inevitable outcome of the human population’s outstripping the food supply

Question 34

Underpopulation

Answer 34

circumstances of too few people to sufficiently develop the resources of a country or region to improve the level of living of its inhabitants

Question 35

Zero population growth

Answer 35

when the total fertility rate ( measured as the average number of children born per woman during her reproductive lifetime, considered to be from 15 to 44 years of age) or TFR is at 2.1 which is a stabilized population, one that does not increase or decrease

Question 36

Push Factor

Answer 36

negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale. Ex. Famine, conflict, instability Mostly involuntary migration, forcing people to migrant

Question 37

Pull Factor

Answer 37

positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas Ex. stability, safe neighborhoods, job opportunities Mostly voluntary migrations

Question 38

Voluntary Migration

Answer 38

permanent movement undertaken by choice

Question 39

Forced Migration

Answer 39

permanent movement compelled usually by cultural or political factors

Question 40

Transnational migrant

Answer 40

migrants who set up homes and/or work in more than one nation-state.

Question 41

Refugee

Answer 41

people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion Once in a new country they can apply for asylum, the right to protection

Question 42

Intercontinental

Answer 42

permanent movement from one continent to another

Question 43

Interregional

Answer 43

permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Question 44

Intraregional

Answer 44

permanent movement within one region of a country

Question 45

rural to urban

Answer 45

permanent movement from an agrarian sparsely populated region to a densely populated metropolitan area

Question 46

Place utility

Answer 46

in human movement and migration studies, a measure of an individual’s perceived satisfaction for approval of a place in its social, economic, or environmental attributes

Question 47

Activity space

Answer 47

the space within which daily activity occurs

Question 48

Personal space

Answer 48

an invisible, usually irregular area around a person into which he or she does not willingly admit others; situational and cultural variable

Question 49

Space-time prism

Answer 49

a diagram of the volume of space and the length of time within which our activities are confined by constraints of our bodily needs (eating, resting) and the means of mobility at our command

Question 50

Space-time compression

Answer 50

the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

Question 51

Gravity Model

Answer 51

a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service

Question 52

Distance Decay

Answer 52

the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

Question 53

Step Migration

Answer 53

migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to town and city

Question 54

Chain Migration

Answer 54

migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Question 55

Intervening opportunity

Answer 55

Positive the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminished the attractiveness of sites farther away, the migrant chooses to stop.

Question 56

Intervening obstacle

Answer 56

Negative an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration, and forces the migrant to stop

Question 57

Cyclic Movement

Answer 57

movement, for example: nomadic migration, that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

Question 58

Migratory Movement

Answer 58

periodic movement involving millions of workers worldwide who cross international borders in search of employment and become immigrants, in many instances

Question 59

Migration transition

Answer 59

change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.

Question 60

Transhumance

Answer 60

the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures

Question 61

Internal Migration

Answer 61

permanent movement within a particular country.

Question 62

International Migration

Answer 62

permanent movement from one country to another.

Question 63

Migration

Answer 63

form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location

Question 64

Arithmetic Density

Answer 64

Total Population/Total Area Gives a general comparison, but not the whole picture.

Question 65

Agricultural Density

Answer 65

Total number of farmers/Total Arable land Reveals a country's wealth and advancement, as more advanced countries have lower agricultural densities due to technology and other job opportunities, while poorer countries have less technology and might have to rely on subsistence farming

Question 66

Total Fertility Rate

Answer 66

Number of children one women has Shows access to healthcare, education, and opportunities for women, and the economy as a whole As women gain more rights, education, and opportunities, the TFR goes down

Question 67

Pronatalist vs. Antinatalist Policies

Answer 67

Pronatalist: enacted to encourage births and accelerate population growth, combat aging populations, create a workforce as older generations retire, and promote a stronger economy, ex. videos, media, and incentives (tax breaks, free education, etc.) encouraging births, often fueled by nationalist and anti-immigrant sentiment Antinatalist: discourage births, goal is to reduce risk of famine, disease, overuse of resources, and to ensure services for the population, ex. the One Child Policy, punishments for having more than a certain amount of children (like a fine), or sterilization, and education on contraception are all used Anti Natalist policies can lead to a gender imbalance in places with strong gender preferences (preference for boys in China)

Question 68

Internally Displaced people

Answer 68

People who are forced to flee a disaster in their home but remain in the country either by choice because the disaster is temporary, or by force because they do not have the resources to leave.

Question 69

Skills gap

Answer 69

a shortage of labor in a particular section that core countries look to immigrants to fill, usually in agriculture, construction, or service

Question 70

Remittances

Answer 70

money sent home by migrants; they are often a source of support for the economy and can cause an economic boom

Question 71

Brain Drain

Answer 71

the loss of trained or educated people to a richer country