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AP Human Geography > Unit 2: Population and Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards

1
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

dividing the total population by the total area

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2
Q

Physiological Density

A

dividing the total population by the arable land

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3
Q

Agricultural Density

A

dividing the number of farmers to the area of arable land

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4
Q

Arable Land

A

land that is suitable for growing crops and farming

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5
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

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6
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

the number live deaths per year for each 1,000 people

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7
Q

Natural Increase Rate

A

a statistic that measures the growth of a population in a region using the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

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8
Q

Doubling Time

A

the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double

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9
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

the average number of children who would be born per women of the childbearing years, within a country

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10
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

the number of children that die before the age of one per 1000 people

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11
Q

Child Mortality Rate

A

the number of children that die before the age of five per 1000 people

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12
Q

Life Expectancy

A

the average number of years people live

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13
Q

Population Pyramid

A

this is a tool used to study the population’s age, sex, etc.

(also known as the age-sex composition)

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14
Q

Sex Ratio

A

the number of males per one hundred females in the population

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15
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

reflects the number of people in a country whose labor supports the rest of the country that is incapable of working

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16
Q

Age Distribution

A

the frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population

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17
Q

Cohort

A

the vertical axis shows the age groups

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18
Q

Demographic Momentum

A

the tendency for the growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

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19
Q

Demographic Transition

A

a tool demographers use to categorize countries’ population growth rates and economic structure

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20
Q

Agricultural Rev.

A

the slow change from hunter and gather societies to more agriculturally based ones through the gradual understanding of seeds, watering, and plant care

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21
Q

Medical Rev.

A

medical technology was invented in Europe and North America and is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africam

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22
Q

Industrial Rev.

A

a period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth century

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23
Q

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A

A population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of zero, achieved when births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration

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24
Q

Replacement Fertility

A

is the total fertility rate—the average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.

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25
Population Policy
A set of measures taken by a country to modify the way its population is changing,
26
Pro Natalism
an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing
27
Anti Natalism
Concerned with limiting population growth
28
Contraception
birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery
29
Sterilization
the act of making a organism infertile or barren
30
Epidemiological Transition
the process by which the pattern of mortality and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics affecting all age groups to one of the degenerative and human-made diseases
31
Chronic disease
old age" diseases that involve long-term deterioration.
32
Infectious disease
diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites
33
Genetic disease
diseases caused by a variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human
34
Thomas Malthus
British reverend concluded that the population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the late 1700s.
35
Neo-Malthusians
People that believe that Thomas Malthus's theory is relevant today
36
Carrying Capacity
The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people.
37
Overpopulation
The lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population of a defined area
38
Sustainability
the use of Earth's resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future
39
Ecumene
inhabited land, where people make their permanent homes
40
Non-ecumene
the uninhabited or very sparsely populated regions of the world
41
Migration
the physical movement of people from one place to another
42
Emigration
leaving one country to move to another
43
Immigration
moving into a new country
44
Push Factor
is something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place.
45
Pull Factor
positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas
46
Net Migration
the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and non-citizens
47
Intervening Obstacle
an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration
48
Intervening Opportunity
a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one
49
Chain Migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.
50
Voluntary Migration
Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they were forced to move.
51
Forced Migration
the forced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region
52
Step Migration
migration that happens in a series of steps
53
Unauthorized Immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documents
54
Guest workers
a foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country.
55
Quotas
a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
56
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
are laws and patterns seen in migration
57
Migration Transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
58
Gravity Model
the interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another
59
Cyclical Movement
shorter periods away from home
60
Seasonal Movement
the movement of people from one place or another on a seasonal basis
61
Periodic Movement
A movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally
62
International Migration
Human movement involving movement across international boundaries
63
Internal Migration
the movement from one region of a country to another
64
Interregional Migration
the process of people moving from one nation to another
65
Intraregional Migration
as the permanent movement of people within the same nation from one area of the region to another for various reasons.
66
Counter-Urbanization
the process by which a significant portion of the population of an urban center starts to migrate away from the city to live in suburbs or rural areas.
67
Remittances
Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.
68
Selective Migration
people may move to places where. people have similar personalities to themselves, or, more broadly, a particular type of place may. attract a particular type of person
69
Immigration Laws
laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state
70
Deportation
The act of a government sending a migrant out of their country back to their own country
71
Internally Displaced Persons
the migrant moves into another part of the same country
72
Refugees
the migrant crosses international borders
73
Asylum
having been granted protection from one country to an immigrant from another country
74
Transhumance
the processes of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons
75
Homestead Act
The U.S government land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for five years
76
Guest-Worker Policies
These policies regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country too work ins specific industries for a defined amount of time
77
Family Reunification
allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country
78
Brain Drain
when migration out of the country is made up of many highly skilled people
79
Ethnic Enclaves
of neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group
80
Xenophobia
a strong dislike of people form another culture
81
Distance Decay
Most migrants would likely travel a short distance.
82
Model of Migration
the model assume that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interaction that includes travel, migration, and economic activity
83
Rural-to-Urban Migration
Migration from rural to urban areas, mostly commonly occurred because of the Industrial Rev.
84
Return Migration
immigrants move back to their former homes
85
Boserup Theory
suggested that the more people there are the more hand there are to work rather than just more mouths to feed.
86
Carrying Capacity
the number of people in a region can support without damaging the environment
87
Infrastructure
refers to the facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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