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AP Human Geography > Unit 2: Population and Migration > Flashcards

Unit 2: Population and Migration Flashcards

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1
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

dividing the total population by the total area

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2
Q

Physiological Density

A

dividing the total population by the arable land

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3
Q

Agricultural Density

A

dividing the number of farmers to the area of arable land

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4
Q

Arable Land

A

land that is suitable for growing crops and farming

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5
Q

Crude Birth Rate

A

the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

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6
Q

Crude Death Rate

A

the number live deaths per year for each 1,000 people

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7
Q

Natural Increase Rate

A

a statistic that measures the growth of a population in a region using the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

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8
Q

Doubling Time

A

the amount of time it takes for the population of a region to double

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9
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

the average number of children who would be born per women of the childbearing years, within a country

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10
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

the number of children that die before the age of one per 1000 people

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11
Q

Child Mortality Rate

A

the number of children that die before the age of five per 1000 people

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12
Q

Life Expectancy

A

the average number of years people live

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13
Q

Population Pyramid

A

this is a tool used to study the population’s age, sex, etc.

(also known as the age-sex composition)

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14
Q

Sex Ratio

A

the number of males per one hundred females in the population

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15
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

reflects the number of people in a country whose labor supports the rest of the country that is incapable of working

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16
Q

Age Distribution

A

the frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population

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17
Q

Cohort

A

the vertical axis shows the age groups

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18
Q

Demographic Momentum

A

the tendency for the growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

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19
Q

Demographic Transition

A

a tool demographers use to categorize countries’ population growth rates and economic structure

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20
Q

Agricultural Rev.

A

the slow change from hunter and gather societies to more agriculturally based ones through the gradual understanding of seeds, watering, and plant care

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21
Q

Medical Rev.

A

medical technology was invented in Europe and North America and is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africam

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22
Q

Industrial Rev.

A

a period of rapid development of industry that started in Great Britain in the late eighteenth and nineteenth century

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23
Q

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A

A population in equilibrium, with a growth rate of zero, achieved when births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration

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24
Q

Replacement Fertility

A

is the total fertility rate—the average number of children born per woman—at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, without migration.

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25
Q

Population Policy

A

A set of measures taken by a country to modify the way its population is changing,

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26
Q

Pro Natalism

A

an attitude or policy that encourages childbearing

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27
Q

Anti Natalism

A

Concerned with limiting population growth

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28
Q

Contraception

A

birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery

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29
Q

Sterilization

A

the act of making a organism infertile or barren

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30
Q

Epidemiological Transition

A

the process by which the pattern of mortality and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children and episodic famine and epidemics affecting all age groups to one of the degenerative and human-made diseases

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31
Q

Chronic disease

A

old age” diseases that involve long-term deterioration.

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32
Q

Infectious disease

A

diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites

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33
Q

Genetic disease

A

diseases caused by a variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in a human

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34
Q

Thomas Malthus

A

British reverend concluded that the population was growing at a faster rate than productivity in the late 1700s.

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35
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

People that believe that Thomas Malthus’s theory is relevant today

36
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The ability of the land to sustain a certain number of people.

37
Q

Overpopulation

A

The lack of necessary resources to meet the needs of the population of a defined area

38
Q

Sustainability

A

the use of Earth’s resources in ways that ensure their availability in the future

39
Q

Ecumene

A

inhabited land, where people make their permanent homes

40
Q

Non-ecumene

A

the uninhabited or very sparsely populated regions of the world

41
Q

Migration

A

the physical movement of people from one place to another

42
Q

Emigration

A

leaving one country to move to another

43
Q

Immigration

A

moving into a new country

44
Q

Push Factor

A

is something that encourages an individual to migrate away from a certain place.

45
Q

Pull Factor

A

positive factors that attract people to new areas from other areas

46
Q

Net Migration

A

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and non-citizens

47
Q

Intervening Obstacle

A

an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

48
Q

Intervening Opportunity

A

a feature (usually economic) that causes a migrant to choose a destination other than his original one

49
Q

Chain Migration

A

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

50
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity, not because they were forced to move.

51
Q

Forced Migration

A

the forced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region

52
Q

Step Migration

A

migration that happens in a series of steps

53
Q

Unauthorized Immigrants

A

People who enter a country without proper documents

54
Q

Guest workers

A

a foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country.

55
Q

Quotas

A

a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

56
Q

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A

are laws and patterns seen in migration

57
Q

Migration Transition

A

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

58
Q

Gravity Model

A

the interaction between two places can be determined by the product of the population of both places, divided by the square of their distance from one another

59
Q

Cyclical Movement

A

shorter periods away from home

60
Q

Seasonal Movement

A

the movement of people from one place or another on a seasonal basis

61
Q

Periodic Movement

A

A movement that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally

62
Q

International Migration

A

Human movement involving movement across international boundaries

63
Q

Internal Migration

A

the movement from one region of a country to another

64
Q

Interregional Migration

A

the process of people moving from one nation to another

65
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

as the permanent movement of people within the same nation from one area of the region to another for various reasons.

66
Q

Counter-Urbanization

A

the process by which a significant portion of the population of an urban center starts to migrate away from the city to live in suburbs or rural areas.

67
Q

Remittances

A

Money immigrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

68
Q

Selective Migration

A

people may move to places where. people have similar personalities to themselves, or, more broadly, a particular type of place may. attract a particular type of person

69
Q

Immigration Laws

A

laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

70
Q

Deportation

A

The act of a government sending a migrant out of their country back to their own country

71
Q

Internally Displaced Persons

A

the migrant moves into another part of the same country

72
Q

Refugees

A

the migrant crosses international borders

73
Q

Asylum

A

having been granted protection from one country to an immigrant from another country

74
Q

Transhumance

A

the processes of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

75
Q

Homestead Act

A

The U.S government land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for five years

76
Q

Guest-Worker Policies

A

These policies regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country too work ins specific industries for a defined amount of time

77
Q

Family Reunification

A

allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

78
Q

Brain Drain

A

when migration out of the country is made up of many highly skilled people

79
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

of neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

80
Q

Xenophobia

A

a strong dislike of people form another culture

81
Q

Distance Decay

A

Most migrants would likely travel a short distance.

82
Q

Model of Migration

A

the model assume that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interaction that includes travel, migration, and economic activity

83
Q

Rural-to-Urban Migration

A

Migration from rural to urban areas, mostly commonly occurred because of the Industrial Rev.

84
Q

Return Migration

A

immigrants move back to their former homes

85
Q

Boserup Theory

A

suggested that the more people there are the more hand there are to work rather than just more mouths to feed.

86
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

the number of people in a region can support without damaging the environment

87
Q

Infrastructure

A

refers to the facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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