Unit 2 Phylogonies And Organismal Diversity Flashcards
What is reproductive isolation?
When two closely related species are not able to mate
What affect does reproductive isolation have on speciation
It prevents different species from producing offspring
What is allopathic speciation?
When two groups of one species gets separated, they evolve to their conditions and no longer recognize or mate with the other group if reunited.
What is sympathetic speciation?
When a new species arises from two similar species living in close proximity to one another.
What does it mean to group by kingdom?
More specific than domain
What does it mean to group by domain?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
What does KPCOFGS stand for?
Ways to classify organisms, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the three domains?
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
How do the three domains relate phylogenetically?
Bacteria is the outgroup, Archaea shoots off of Eukarya
What does it mean if a domain is unicellular?
It means it has one cell only that preforms all of the vital functions, can be pro or eukaryotes
What does it mean if a domain is multicellular?
The organisms have a nucleus
What is prokaryote?
A single celled organism with no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
What is eukaryote?
An organism with a nucleus
Explaine relative evolutionary relatedness between each domain
Bacteria prokyrotes, archaea prokyrotes, eukarya Eukayrotes
What is a node?
They imply common ancestors
What is a root?
The common ancestor for all taxa
What is a branch?
The lines
What is an ingroup?
The group after the first divergence
What is an out group?
The first divergence
What does synapomorphy mean?
A trait present in two or more groups of organisms that is derived from a common ancestor
What does sympleisomorphy mean
A trait present in two or more taxa that is derived from a common ancestor
What does monophyletic mean?
A group that includes all descendants of a common ancestor except the outgroup
What does paraphyletic mean?
A group that includes only some of the descendants of a common ancestor
What does polyphyletic mean?
Group very distantly related, excludes all common ancestors
What Is a trait matrix?
A table that lists all taxa and their characteristics
What are protists?
Eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi. Ex. Microscopic things, kelp, some algae
How do protists impact humans?
Protists produce half of the oxygen on the planet
What are three ways protists are so diverse?
Can be uni or multi cellular, can be pathogens(cause disease), some live symbiotically
What are three distinguishing characteristics of animals?
Heterotrophic-eat other organisms for energy
Motile- move at some point in their life
Diplonic- has two sets of chromosomes from egg and sperm
What is a protostome?
Cell ball with one opening that becomes the mouth
What is a deuterostome?
Cell ball with two openings first the anus then the mouth
Describe development through gastrulation
The process when an embryo transforms from a single layer of cells to a multilayered structure forming the nervous system
What is an example of mutualistic plant-fungus interaction?
Trees and lichen
What is an example of mutualistic animal-fungus interaction?
Insects and fungus insects depend on fungus for protection, they help fungus spread pores
What is an example of animal-fungus antagonistic interaction?
Parasites
What are some characteristics of chordates?
Post anal tail
Spinal cord
Pharyngeal slits
What is a monotreme mammal?
Lay eggs
More than 2 chromosomes, # of chromosomes determines sex
Platypuses
What is a marsupial mammal?
Don’t have placentas, babies born very underdeveloped and develop in pouch
Kangaroos
What is a placental mammal?
Live births and milk
Hair and fur
Synapsid- two openings in skull
What is Net Primary Production
The amount of carbon plants produce minus their own respiration
What is a tropic level
The position an organism occupies on the food chain
What is an indicator species?
List two examples
A species who indicates something about the health of the ecosystem
Monarchs, toads
Define trophic cascade
When something involving one species greatly affects the trophic orders
What is a keystone species?
List two examples
A species who’s removal greatly affects the trophic levels
Ex. When he got rid of the starfish otters
