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psyc 420 units 1-4 > unit 2: perception & consciousness > Flashcards

unit 2: perception & consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation

A

what we sense in our sensory organs (physiological processing)

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2
Q

Perception

A

what we perceive in our minds (psychological processing)

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3
Q

Synesthesia

A

Input from one sensory system → experience in another
-strong synesthesia (rare)
-weak synesthesia (common)
brightness of notes; warmth or softness of colors; sharp tastes
-causes - sensory leakage/crosstalk between brain regions & associations/top-down processing

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4
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

data driven processing:
flow of info from stimulus to neural activity to identification + perception

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5
Q

Top-down processing

A

conceptually driven processing:
expectations, knowledge & surrounding context influence identification & perception

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6
Q

What do Gestalt principles help us understand?

A

-Describe typical grouping tendencies or organization tendencies
-Emphasis on perceiving the whole

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7
Q

Law of figure-ground

A

segregate visual scenes into a background and a figure

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8
Q

Law of proximity

A

closer elements grouped together

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9
Q

Law of similarity

A

similar items grouped together

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10
Q

Law of good continuation

A

continue contours

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11
Q

Law of closure

A

we ignore gaps/fill in missing parts

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12
Q

Law of common fate

A

elements moving together are grouped together

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13
Q

global precedence

A

-“Wholes” often come before “parts”
IVs: “Global” identification (identify large letter), “Local” identification (identify small letter)
Stimuli
-consistent
-conflicting
-neutral
Results
-RTs for global identification were faster than for local identification, showing global precedence
-Conflicting stimuli slowed local identification (because global is processed automatically and interferes)

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14
Q

Binocular Cues - Retinal Disparity

A

images from the two eyes differ

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15
Q

Binocular Cues - Convergence

A

Neuromuscular cues
- eyes turn inward to bring near objects into focus
- eyes turn outward to bring far away objects into focus
- strain on muscle is cue to distance

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16
Q

Monocular Cues - Relative Size

A

If two objects are similar in size, we perceive one that casts a smaller retinal image as farther away

17
Q

Monocular Cues - Interposition

A

Objects that block other objects tend to be perceived as closer

18
Q

Monocular Cues - Relative Clarity

A

Hazy objects are perceived as farther away than sharp clear objects

19
Q

Monocular Cues - Texture Gradient

A

Indistinct (fine) texture signals increasing distance

20
Q

Monocular Cues - Relative Height

A

We perceive objects higher in our field of vision as farther away

21
Q

Monocular Cues - Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance

22
Q

Monocular Cues - Motion Parallax

A

apparent motion is faster for near objects

23
Q

What is the phi phenomenon?

A

When lights flash in succession, they tend to present illusions of motion

24
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal image change

25
Q

Shape constancy

A

we perceive a clock as an unchanging shape despite different viewing angles

26
Q

Lightness constancy

A

color of squares at two different locations are the same

27
Q

Color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the light reflected by the object

28
Q

Size constancy

A

stable size perception despite change in size of the retinal image

29
Q

Explain how context might alter perception

A

Context can affect how one perceives a situation or visual image depending on the situation or prior knowledge.

30
Q

Ventriloquist Effect

A

visual cues influence sound localization

31
Q

Cello Study

A

auditory judgments were influenced by the visual pluck and bow stimuli

32
Q

McGurk effect

A

visual cues affect how we hear sound (looking at lips while hearing sound)

33
Q

Access Consciousness

A

-Processing/using info (whether or not we’re aware)
-Has the potential to influence your reasoning, communication, or behavior

34
Q

Phenomenal consciousness

A

Subjective experience/sense of awareness

35
Q

Blindsight

A

unusual condition in which a person lacks visual awareness (blindness, especially at the level of phenomenal consciousness), but is nonetheless affected by movement in the visual field (evidence of some access consciousness)

36
Q

Priming

A

enhanced speed of responding due to prior presentation of a related stimulus

37
Q

subliminal perception

A

-The ability to process sensory information below the level of conscious awareness
-The effects of subliminal priming are weak.
-No evidence that subliminal messages in self-help tapes actually work.

psyc 420 units 1-4 (4 decks)

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