Unit 2- Part 1 Flashcards
Mecca
The Bedouin’s main trade center and home of the Ka’aba, their most important temple.
Ka’aba
The home of a very rare black stone, a Jinn is said to live in it. You must travel their once in your life to be considered a good follower.
Muhammed
A trader and business manager. Went all over the place which allowed him to learn different cultures. More importantly learned about Christianity and monotheism.
He believed he was visited by the Angel Gabriel who told him the last and fullest revelation
Are people supposed to make symbols of Muhammed? How is Muhammad pictured when drawn easier on.
No, it was seen as disrespectful. He was drawn without a face.
Muhammad beginning to preach in Mecca and the Hegira
He began his teachings in Mecca which was a bad idea because that is the center of Jinn worship and the Jinn’s most important religious city.
This caused. The Hegira, a fight to broke out because of Muhammad preaching in Mecca.
Where did Muhammad flee when the Hegira broke out? Was he successful there?
Medina. Was very successful; became politically powerful and gained followers, forming an army of believers.
Islam
Surrender to God
Muslim
The Surrendering ones
When Muhammad became powerful over many, including many, what happened?
The Ka’aba became Islam’s holiest location, stripped of Jinn idols. The story Islam believed about it was; in the beginning, the Ka’aba was built by Adam and Eve as a temple for God but they fell away from God and the temple vanished, then Abraham and his son Ishmael rebuilt it for God after they established a covenant however over time it became a temple for false gods (the Jinn) then Muhammad cleansed it and gave it back to God.
Koran
Islam’s holy book
Koran=Recitation, why?
They believed it was the direct word of God
the Caliph that ordered the creation of the Koran
Abu Bakr
Layout of Koran, and why the language it was written in?
114 Suras, longest to shortest. In Arabic because it was considered the only holy language, and the only language allowed for worship.
5 pillars of Islam
Shahada Prayer Alms Fasting The Hajj
Shahada
I testify there is no God but God and Muhammad is his prosthet
Prayer
5 times a day on your prayer rug, and prayed towards Mecca
Alms
giving of wealth and service to the needy
Fasting
Ramadan- Islam’s holy month, can not eat from sunrise to sunset for 30 days
The Hajj
The pilgrimage to Mecca
must do it once in your life, ritual visits to Islam’s holiest sites
Mosque
Islamic centers of worship
3 reasons why Muslims conquered so much quickly
- ) resistance was weak
- ) over population- people were eager to get out and travel to new land
- ) zeal- People were willing to fight at all costs for God, because they were promised immediate entry into heaven
Jihad
Islamic term for holy war
3 choices people were given who were conquered by Muslims
- ) convert to their faith
- ) pay a tax
- ) die
Caliphate
political and religious leaders
The Orthodox Caliphate
The first Caliphs, knew Muhammed.
Abu Bakr
First caliph
Ali
last orthodox caliph
Umayyed Caliphate
Rose to power by killing Muhammad’s grandson Husayn
Shi’ites
believed Ali was the first true Caliphate and Husayn was the heir.
strongest in Iraq
Sunnis
accepted the caliphs historical progression.
the majority
Persians join per with Shi’ites why
Persians wanted equality and status, and shi’ites never accepted Umayyed
House of wisdom
massive library in Baghdad
Importance of Muslim scholars converting Greek and Latin texts
we would’ve lost a lot of Greek and latin history
Alchemy
Making of potions, main goals was to make materials gold. paved the way for modern chemistry and cured and treated disease
Astrolabe
a tool for navigating at sea, uses the stars
Al Jabr
bringing together unknowns to match a known quantity:Algebra. used Arabic symbols
Arabic numerals
our number system, first to have the concept of 0
Famous work of Islamic literature
Arabian nights: folk tales
ex: Aladdin
the Turks
a group who took over the Islamic empire in 1000 AD
why did tensions grow between Christians and Muslims
religion, trade, and control of land and resources
what did people in the Byzantine empire call themselves?
Roman
similarities and differences of Byzantine and Rome
similarities: Christianity, and emperor who ad total power and was a political and religious leader, believed they were the rightful heirs to all of Rome’s former land
differences: Greek was dominant, began to separate from the bishop of Rome, more eastern/Asian influences, urban, and they develop their own political, cultural and religious identity
Justinian’s 3 goals
- ) reconquer lost roman lands
- ) compile and simplify the law
- ) build Constantinople into a worldly capital
does he accomplish his goals
short term success and long term failure. built Constantinople into a worldly capital, he conquered a lot of Rome’s former land but he would lose it after his death and the population at its height was 40,000 when Rome’s was 1,000,000. also the city of Rome was destroyed
Renovatio Imperii
the recovering of the empire
codex
5,000 laws from Rome that were sorted and selected. simplified
digest
50 volumes of legal thought from Rome’s great legal thinkers
institutes
text book for law students
Impact of the new law code
900 years of enforcement in the Byzantine empire empire and formed the basis for most modern law codes in Europe
Constantinople,
the city
2 criteria for living in Constantinople
- ) had to be Christian
2. ) had to speak Greek
Constantinople
A moat, an archer wall, a wall 27 feet tall, and then their main wall standing at 70 feet
importance of the market
got goods from all corners of the known world daily, cultures interacted as huge a month of money came in, and the secret of silk was discovered
how was silk stolen from China
two men dressed as monks and had hallow canes in case they found anything, and when they discovered that silk worms made silk, the put some in their canes and gave the mulberry leaves to eat
marvels of the imperial palace
garden full of fountains and exotic birds, pineapple shaped fountains with wine for parties, and a golden path leading to a golden throne
Hagia Sophia
“Holy Wisdom” largest roofed building in the world upon completion in 534
Ironclasts
anti icon, led to bloody riots and disrupted the empire
preservers
pro icon
Pope’s role
he was pro icon, and excommunicated Byzantine empire for being antI icon
out come from con crisis
Byzantine officials finally accepted icons and Ironclasts became heretics
how did the east church and the west church differ
the east : had mass in the vernacular, priests could marry, and they rejected the superiority and infallibility of the pope. also believed the patriarch was equal
1054
the schism “excommunication party”
what two branches of Christianity formed from the schism
Roman Catholic and orthodox
Prince Vladimir
converted Slavs to Christianity in 900 AD
Impact of Prince Vladimir’s decision to convert Slavs to Christianity
it aligned itself with eastern culture, and avoided Western Europe
Kiev
original capital of Rus
3 parts of Russian history that came early on
- ) Slavic in language
- ) Byzantine style
- ) isolated from Western Europe
The Bedouin
Nomads that adapted to desert life, believed in Jinn, many gods based on nature. Had holidays and Pilgrimages in their honor.
