Unit 2 Outcome 3 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of Australia’s changing population?
. Australia’s population has more than doubled in size over the past 50 years
. We have an ageing population
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What are influences on Australia’s population size and growth?
. The rate of natural increase
. The rage of net migration
Explain the following influence on Australia’s population size and growth: The rate of natural increase
This represents the birth rage minus the death rate. This can be affected by many factors including social, economic, and political conditions in Australia. However developments in health and medical science, nutrition, education, and fertility rates have affected the birth and death rates.
Explain the following influence on Australia’s population size and growth: The rate of net migration
This reflects the rate of immigration (people coming into Australia) minus the rate of emigration (people leaving Australia). People can be driven to seek a new start in another country due to civil war, dictatorships, famine, terror and lack of opportunities. 65-70% of immigrants are referred to as skilled immigrants, and make up for Australia’s skill shortages.
What factors affect the distribution and composition of Australia’s population?
. Age-sex distribution
. Distribution by country of birth
. Geographic distribution by state
. Distribution between rural and urban
Explain the following factor affecting the distribution and composition of Australia’s population: Age-sex distribution
Age-sex distribution of the population refers to how different age groups are spread over the whole population of a country. Population pyramids are graphs which show the distribution of females and makes by each successively older age group. Australia has an ageing population, meaning we have a large and increasing proportion of people in older age groups in comparison to younger age groups.
Explain the following factor affecting the distribution and composition of Australia’s population: Distribution by country of birth
This involves considering the percentage of people born locally, as opposed to those born overseas. It also involves looking at the range of countries represented by those coming from abroad.
Explain the following factor affecting the distribution and composition of Australia’s population: Geographic distribution by state
Australia's population is distributed unevenly geographically between states. . Over 33% live in NSW . 25% in VIC . 20% in QLD . 10% in WA . 8% in SA . 2% in TAS . and the balance in NT and ACT To a large extent, this unevenness has been caused by differences in interstate migration, the age distribution and the growth in employment opportunities.
Explain the following factor affecting the distribution and composition of Australia’s population: Distribution between rural and urban
Theres has been a definite shift of population from rural to urban areas.
. 1910 - 43% lived in rural areas
. 1946 - 30% lived in rural areas
. Recently - 10% live in rural areas
Our population is now mostly distributed in capital cities.
What is distribution of population?
This refers to the way our people are spread between different age groups, genders, ethic backgrounds, states and regions. It helps to shape the composition of the population.
What is composition of population?
This refers to the features, characteristics or make up of a country’s population.
The economic consequences of demographic change and their effects on living standards.
Our standard of living is affected by both material wellbeing as well as non-material elements. Some key demographic changes might affect out living standards.
What is demographic change?
This involves trends in a nation’s population size and aspects of its distribution measured over a period of time.
What is Australia’s current population?
As of the 6th of October 2015 Australia’s Population is 23,891,775.
As of the 25th of October 2015 Australia’s Population is 23,910,018.
What a difference.
What changes has Australia experienced?
. Rate of population growth has been quite rapid
. Australia has an ageing population because of longer life expectancy, a low birth rate and better health and medical treatment = relative decline in number of young people
. Rise in proportion of people born overseas to over a quarter of the total population
. Most people live on coastal fringe on capital cities and around 60% of whole population live in NSW or Victoria
What are the non-economic effects of population trends on living standards?
. Cultural diversity
. Reduced social cohesion as a potential cost of immigration
. Environmental and other costs of faster population growth
Explain the following non-economic effect of population trends on living standards: Cultural diversity
Post-war immigration has led to a multicultural society (one based on ethnic diversity). Australia now has a more vibrant and interesting mix of traditions, foods, fashion and customs than Anglo-Saxon culture can offer, thereby improving out overall living standards.
Explain the following non-economic effect of population trends on living standards: Reduced social cohesion as a potential cost of immigration
A possible downside of multiculturalism is the loss of social cohesion. This is because periods of international conflict or stress may result in cracks appearing which could weaken our society. It could also lead to persecution of minority groups, this erodes the non-material living standards of Australians.
Explain the following non-economic effect of population trends on living standards: Environmental and other costs of faster population growth
Immigration causes Australia’s population to grow more than twice as fast as it would otherwise. Resources can therefore be used up and depleted at a higher rate. Carbon emissions from the productions of goods and services are higher. More difficult transport etc.
What are economic effects of demographic change on living standards?
. A growing local market for goods and services
. A rise in the labour force
. Changes in allocation of resources
. Effects on government budgets and finances
Explain the following economic effect of demographic change on living standards: A growing local market for goods and services
A rising population means a growing market for a whole range of goods and services. This is great news for local businesses which can expand their production and employment. It also helps to create economies of of large-scale production.
Economies of LSO = cheaper produced good or service in larger volumes = lowers cost per unit = firm can sell product both in Aus. and overseas = helps increase sales, market share and profit.
Explain the following economic effect of demographic change on living standards: A rise in labour force
A bigger population helps to grow the labour force or resources available to local firms. Migrants can also help overcome the shortage of labour and skills caused partly by our ageing population.
Immigration = rise in supply of labour = filled jobs created by growing size of Aus. market.
Explain the following economic effect of demographic change on living standards: Changes in the allocation of resources
Australia’s ageing population alters the way resources are allocated. An older population often wants different types of goods and services in comparison to those purchased by younger people. Resource allocation can also be affected by the sex and race.
Explain the following economic effect of demographic change on living standards: Effects on government budgets and finances
Without growth in the number of people of working age, the size of Australia’s tax base is unlikely to rise significantly. Due to our ageing society, the federal government’s budget outlays on welfare and services are expected to increase.