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Advanced Higher Biology > Unit 2 - Organisms And Evolution (word definitions) > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Organisms And Evolution (word definitions) Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

absolute fitness

A

the ratio of frequencies of a particular genotype from one generation to the next

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2
Q

antropomorphism

A

crediting animal behaviour with human emotions or qualities (personification)

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3
Q

antigen

A

a protein that may induce an immune response if it is foreign

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4
Q

antigenic variation

A

where parasites show great variety amongst different strains

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5
Q

apoptosis

A

cell death

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6
Q

autosome

A

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

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7
Q

bacteriophage

A

a virus that targets a bacterial host

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8
Q

chiasmata

A

the place where two homologous chromosomes come into contact with one another

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9
Q

civil engineering

A

a profession that is involved in the design and manufacture of infrastructure to improve standards of living

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10
Q

clonal selection

A

lymphocytes become amplified, with some clones used in immediate defence and other clones acting as memory cells

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11
Q

co-evolution

A

where a change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure on another species with which it frequently interacts

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12
Q

commensalism

A

an interrelationship between organisms of two different species in which one species in which one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor suffers

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13
Q

competitive exclusion principle

A

when two species are in intense competition with one another and the weaker of the two species becomes locally extinct

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14
Q

crossing over

A

the process where homologous chromosomes swap genetic material

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15
Q

cysticerosis

A

a parasitic tissue infection

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16
Q

definitive (primary) host

A

host where parasite reaches sexual maturity

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17
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of the outbreak and spread of infectious diseases

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18
Q

ethogram

A

chart on which observed animal behaviour is recorded

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19
Q

ethology

A

study of animal behaviour

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20
Q

evolution

A

the change, over successive generations, in the proportion of individuals in a population differing in one or more inherited traits

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21
Q

extended phenotype

A

a theory whereby the parasite modifies the host’s behaviour to increase its own transmission

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22
Q

fundamental niche

A

the niche that an organism occupies when there are no other species present competing for space or resources

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23
Q

gravid proglottid

A

the segment of a tapeworm containing both male and female reproductive organs

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24
Q

hermaphrodite

A

an organism with both male and female reproductive organs

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25
heterogametic
dissimilar sex chromosomes e.g. mammalian males where the Y chromosome is much smaller than the X chromosome
26
homologous chromosomes
chromosomes of the same shape and size, same centromere position and which carry the same genes at the same gene loci
27
genetic drift
the random change in how frequent a particular allele occurs within a small population
28
immune surveilllance
white blood cells patrol the body, recognising and destroying foreign pathogens
29
independent assortment
takes place during meiosis I when homologous chromosomes pair up and line up along the equator - the final position of one pair is completely random relative to every other pair
30
inflammatory response
injured or wounded areas become warm and red due to increase blood flow, bringing white cells for defence
31
intermediate (secondary) host
the host that the parasite might require in order to complete its life cycle or as a means of transmission thus making it a vector
32
interphase
takes place at the start of meiosis when DNA replication occurs
33
K-selected
larger organisms that usually produce lower numbers of offspring, providing more extensive parental care and have longer life spans
34
lekking
makes display for females in a communal display area, then females chooses a mate
35
transect line
line along which quadrats are placed or samples are taken`
36
linked genes
genes that are on the same chromosome
37
lysis
the bursting of a host cell, releasing many virus particles
38
malaria
a serious human disease spread by mosquitoes that are infected with malaria parasite
39
meiosis
a special type of cell division where four haploid gametes are produced from one diploid gamete mother cell
40
memory cells
cloned lymphocytes that remain in the body to respond faster if the individual is exposed to the same antigen a second time
41
monogamy
where animals form breeding pairs, thus one male to one female
42
mutation
random change in DNA sequences within a population
43
mutualism
symbiotic relationship where both species benefit
44
natural killer cells
lymphocytes responsible for destroying abnormal cells
45
natural selection
non-random process whereby certain alleles occur more frequently within a population because they confer a selective advantage
46
parasite
an organism that gains food and shelter at the expense of the host
47
parthenogenesis
asexual reproduction whereby embryos develop from an unfertilised egg
48
phagocyte
white blood cell in non-specific defence, engulfing and destroying foreign antigens - may also present antigens to lymphocytes
49
phagocytosis
non-specific defence where phagocytes engulf foreign antigens and digest them using digestive enzymes present in lysomes
50
point count
sampling technique used for birds this is when you count the number of species from a fixed position. this can be compared to data collected at different times in the same position or in different positions
51
polygamy
Individuals of one sex have more than one mate
52
random sampling
individuals selected from the larger population must be chosen be chosen completely by chance
53
realised niche
the niche that an organism occupies when there is competition from other species
54
recombinant
the chromosome created when linked genes are separated during crossing over
55
red queen hypothesis
a theory concerning co-evolution of a parasite and its host in a co-evolutionary relationship, change in the traits of one species acts as a selection pressure in the other species this means that species in these relationships must adapt to avoid extinction
56
relative fitness
the ratio of surviving offspring of one genotype compared with other genotypes
57
resource partitioning
where two species occupy different realised niches, allowing them to co-exist by compromising over resources
58
retrotransposon
the piece of DNA that carries out reverse transcription before being inserted into a new site on the genome
59
retrovirus
a virus that contains RNA as its nucleic acid
60
reverse transcriptase
an enzyme used by retroviruses to synthesise DNA that can be inserted into the host cell's genome
61
r-selected
smaller organisms that usually produce larger numbers of offspring, providing no parental care and having shorter life spans
62
sanitation
access to facilities for safely disposing of human waste such as urine and faeces
63
satellite male
male that sneaks to gain access to females
64
schistosomiasis
the human disease cause by schistomes reproducing sexually in the intestines
65
sessile
organism that is fixed in position - cannot move
66
sexual dimorphism
physical difference between males and females of a species
67
sexual selection
a non-random prodess, whereby certain alleles occur more frequently within a population because they are selected/preferred by one sex
68
sneaker
male that gains access to mate with females without the more dominant male knowing
69
stratified sampling
individuals are randomly selected from sub-groups within a population
70
symbiosis
an interrelationship between organisms of two different species, whereby at least one species benifits
71
systematic sampling
where sampling may be taken at regular/ preset intervals e.g. every 2m along the transect
72
taxonomy
grouping living organisms based on similarities or relatedness
73
terrain
the physical geography of the land
74
transmission
the spread of a parasite to a host
75
vector
the means of transmitting a parasite
76
vegetative progation/cloning
a form of asexual reproduction that takes place on some plants, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent plant e.g. bulbs and runners
77
virulence
the deleterious effect that the parasite has in the host
78
waterborne
transmitted by water
79
airborne
transmitted by air
80
latency
the time between the stimulus occurring and the response behaviour
81
frequency
the number of times a behaviour occurs within an observation period
82
duration
the length of time each behaviour occurs during the observation period
83
convergent evolution
when two species with different ancestral origins develop similar characteristics
84
divergent evolution
when two species diverge from a common ancestor and develop different characteristics
85
male-male rivalry
is generally brought about by the males large size or weaponry this increases access to females through conflict
86
female choice
involves females assessing the fitness of the males
87
founder effect
the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. the gene pool of the new population is not representative of that in the original gene pool
88
the bottleneck effect
occurs when there is a disaster of some sort that reduced a population to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic makeup of the initial population. this leaves smaller variation among the surviving individuals
89
selection pressures
the environmental factors that influence which individuals in a population pass on their alleles
90
e.g. of biotic factors
competition, predation, disease, parasitism
91
e.g. of abiotic factors
changes in temperature, light, humidity, pH, salinity
92
conditions for maintaining the HW equilibrium
no natural selection, random mating, no mutation, large population size and no gene flow (through migration, in or out)
93
fitness
the indication of an individual's ability to be successful at surviving and reproducing
94
types of fitness
absolute and relative fitness

Advanced Higher Biology (15 decks)

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