Unit 2: Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Trigonal planar
Carbon with two single bonds and one double
120
Carbon with 4 single bonds
Tetrahedral 109.5
Bent 109
Oxygen with two lone pairs and two bonding
Carbon with two double or one triple
Linear
Increased melting point due to easy packing
180
Nitrogen with 3 bonding pairs and one lone pair
Trigonal pyramidal
120
Hydroxyl
OH Polar .... Hydrogen bond Make one HB Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix "ol" Ex. Propan-2-ol
Alkoxy
Oxygen bonded between two carbons
Polar with dd
Accepts 1 HB
Amine
Nitrogen bonded to carbons or hydrogens with 1 lone pair
Primary: HB and makes 2
Secondary: makes 1 HB
Tertiary: dd accept on HB
Double bonded o
Carbonyl group
Polar and dd
Accept one HB from h2o
-COOH
Carboxyl
1 HB 1dd
Make 1 HB and accept 1
Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix “oic acid”
Esters
C double bonded o and single bonded o 2 dd Accepts 2 from h2o Identify the chain with c=o as parent Add alkyl group infront of main chain and leave space Ex. Methyl propanoate
Amide
-CON 1+2 HB 3: two dd 1: makes 2 accept 1 HB 2: accept 1 make 1 HB 3: accept 2 HB Name the c=o as parent and use suffix "amide" Name other alkyl groups attached Use N as position number for any alkyl group attached to nitrogen Ex. N-methylethanamide
Make vs. accepting hydrogen bond
Make: N,F,O bonded to H
Accept: N,F,O not bonded to H
Large molecules
Higher melting point due to stronger mp
Less polar overall so less soluble
Addition reaction
A double or triple bond is broken and atoms are attached to the organic
If both reactants are asymmetrical then two isomers are made
Elimination reaction
Atoms are removed from a molecule to form a double or triple bond
If organic is asymmetrical then two isomers are made
Substitution reactions
A hydrogen or functional group is replaced with a different group
Esters don’t do substitution reactions
Oxidation reactions
Forms more carbon to oxygen bonds less to carbon to hydrogen bonds
An oxidizing agent [O] must be added
C-O to C=O
H to OH
Reduction reactions
Forms less carbon to oxygen bonds and more carbon to hydrogen bonds
Must add a reducing agent [H]
Substitute any OH with H
then change C=O to C-O
Condensation reactions
Two organic molecules join releasing water
Hydrolysis reactions
Water splits an organic molecule into two smaller organics
C-O and C-N bonds can only be broken
Polymers
Very large molecules made up of small repeating monomers
Occur in nature or can be manufactured to fulfill a particular purpose
Addition polymers
Monomers with double bonds are joined together
Ex. Ethene + ethene = polyethene
Condensation polymers
Monomers are joined together by ester or amide bonds
Aromatics
Benzene(6 carbon ring) rings
Hydrocarbons with resonance structures containing rings (more stable) with 1.5 bonds
Benzene is usually your man chain and used as root Ex. 1-ethyl-4-propylbenzene
If benzene is attached to a chain with 7 or more carbons the benzene is considered a side chain called phenyl Ex. 3-methyl-5-phenyloctane
Strong LD due to easy packing higher MP
D.I.D
Alkyl halides
Hydrocarbon with halogen attached
F, Cl, Br, I
Follow alkane rules and add position number with prefix chloro, Fluoro, bromo or iodo
Ethers
Alkoxy functional group ROR' Name longest chain as parent Name short chain Alkoxy group with prefix "oxy" Ex. 1-methoxy ethane Polar DD Accepts HB
Cyclical alkanes alkanes or alkynes
Hydrocarbons with ring structure
Follow appropriate rules
Ring is always main chain and add “cyclo” infront of root name
If double or triple bond present must be between carbon 1 and carbon 2
3-methylcyclobut-1-ene
Aldehyde
Carbonyl functional group on end carbon
Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix “al”
Ketones
Carbonyl group in middle of chain
Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix “one”
Add position number infront of suffix
Ex. 3-methylpentan-2-one
