Unit 2: Organic Chemistry

Question 0

Trigonal planar

Answer 0

Carbon with two single bonds and one double

120

Question 1

Carbon with 4 single bonds

Answer 1

Tetrahedral 109.5

Question 2

Bent 109

Answer 2

Oxygen with two lone pairs and two bonding

Question 3

Carbon with two double or one triple

Answer 3

Linear
Increased melting point due to easy packing
180

Question 4

Nitrogen with 3 bonding pairs and one lone pair

Answer 4

Trigonal pyramidal

120

Question 5

Hydroxyl

Answer 5

OH 
Polar .... Hydrogen bond 
Make one HB 
Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix "ol" 
Ex. Propan-2-ol

Question 6

Alkoxy

Answer 6

Oxygen bonded between two carbons
Polar with dd
Accepts 1 HB

Question 7

Amine

Answer 7

Nitrogen bonded to carbons or hydrogens with 1 lone pair
Primary: HB and makes 2
Secondary: makes 1 HB
Tertiary: dd accept on HB

Question 8

Double bonded o

Answer 8

Carbonyl group
Polar and dd
Accept one HB from h2o

Question 9

-COOH

Answer 9

Carboxyl
1 HB 1dd
Make 1 HB and accept 1
Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix “oic acid”

Question 10

Esters

Answer 10

C double bonded o and single bonded o
2 dd
Accepts 2 from h2o
Identify the chain with c=o as parent 
Add alkyl group infront of main chain and leave space 
Ex. Methyl propanoate

Question 11

Amide

Answer 11

-CON
1+2 HB 3: two dd
1: makes 2 accept 1 HB
2: accept 1 make 1 HB
3: accept 2 HB 
Name the c=o as parent and use suffix "amide" 
Name other alkyl groups attached 
Use N as position number for any alkyl group attached to nitrogen 
Ex. N-methylethanamide

Question 12

Make vs. accepting hydrogen bond

Answer 12

Make: N,F,O bonded to H
Accept: N,F,O not bonded to H

Question 13

Large molecules

Answer 13

Higher melting point due to stronger mp

Less polar overall so less soluble

Question 14

Addition reaction

Answer 14

A double or triple bond is broken and atoms are attached to the organic
If both reactants are asymmetrical then two isomers are made

Question 15

Elimination reaction

Answer 15

Atoms are removed from a molecule to form a double or triple bond
If organic is asymmetrical then two isomers are made

Question 16

Substitution reactions

Answer 16

A hydrogen or functional group is replaced with a different group
Esters don’t do substitution reactions

Question 17

Oxidation reactions

Answer 17

Forms more carbon to oxygen bonds less to carbon to hydrogen bonds
An oxidizing agent [O] must be added
C-O to C=O
H to OH

Question 18

Reduction reactions

Answer 18

Forms less carbon to oxygen bonds and more carbon to hydrogen bonds
Must add a reducing agent [H]
Substitute any OH with H
then change C=O to C-O

Question 19

Condensation reactions

Answer 19

Two organic molecules join releasing water

Question 20

Hydrolysis reactions

Answer 20

Water splits an organic molecule into two smaller organics

C-O and C-N bonds can only be broken

Question 21

Polymers

Answer 21

Very large molecules made up of small repeating monomers

Occur in nature or can be manufactured to fulfill a particular purpose

Question 22

Addition polymers

Answer 22

Monomers with double bonds are joined together

Ex. Ethene + ethene = polyethene

Question 23

Condensation polymers

Answer 23

Monomers are joined together by ester or amide bonds

Question 24

Aromatics

Answer 24

Benzene(6 carbon ring) rings
Hydrocarbons with resonance structures containing rings (more stable) with 1.5 bonds
Benzene is usually your man chain and used as root Ex. 1-ethyl-4-propylbenzene
If benzene is attached to a chain with 7 or more carbons the benzene is considered a side chain called phenyl Ex. 3-methyl-5-phenyloctane
Strong LD due to easy packing higher MP
D.I.D

Question 25

Alkyl halides

Answer 25

Hydrocarbon with halogen attached
F, Cl, Br, I
Follow alkane rules and add position number with prefix chloro, Fluoro, bromo or iodo

Question 26

Ethers

Answer 26

Alkoxy functional group ROR'
Name longest chain as parent 
Name short chain Alkoxy group with prefix "oxy" 
Ex. 1-methoxy ethane 
Polar DD
Accepts HB

Question 27

Cyclical alkanes alkanes or alkynes

Answer 27

Hydrocarbons with ring structure
Follow appropriate rules
Ring is always main chain and add “cyclo” infront of root name
If double or triple bond present must be between carbon 1 and carbon 2
3-methylcyclobut-1-ene

Question 28

Aldehyde

Answer 28

Carbonyl functional group on end carbon

Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix “al”

Question 29

Ketones

Answer 29

Carbonyl group in middle of chain
Follow hydrocarbon rules and use suffix “one”
Add position number infront of suffix
Ex. 3-methylpentan-2-one