unit 2: org chem Flashcards
1
Q
what family ends with “ane”
A
alkane
2
Q
what makes alkenes different from
A
double bond and has an end with “ene”
3
Q
what family ends with “yne” and has a triple bond
A
Alkyne
4
Q
what family is benzene part of
A
aromatic
5
Q
what do you call benzene when it is an attachment
A
phenyl
6
Q
what functional group does alcohol have
A
r-OH
7
Q
what ending does alcohol have
A
“ol”
8
Q
aldehyde functional group
A
COH
9
Q
aldehyde ending
A
“al”
10
Q
ketone functional group
A
CO double bond
11
Q
ketone ending
A
“one”
12
Q
carboxylic ending functional group
A
COOH (think H for acid)
13
Q
carboxylic acid ending
A
“oic acid”
14
Q
ether functional group
A
R-O-R’
15
Q
ether attachment ending
A
“oxy” ex: 4-methoxy-2-methylpentane
16
Q
ester functional group
A
COO
17
Q
ester ending
A
“oate”
18
Q
amine functional group
A
R-NH2
19
Q
amine ending
A
“amine”
20
Q
amide functional group
A
r-=O -NH2
21
Q
amide ending
A
“amide”
22
Q
what are isomers
A
molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms in 3D space resulting in unique molecules each with a distinct names.
23
Q
types of isomers
A
structural isomers
stereoisomers
24
Q
structural isomers
A
the same atoms are bonded in a different configuration
(same molecular formula different name)
25
stereoisomers
the same atoms are bonded in the same order, but still manage to have different spatial arranment
26
geometric (cis/trans) isomerism
occurs when there is restricted rotation somewhere in a molecule
27
bonding patterns that produce restricted rotation are:
multiple(double or tiple) bonds
ring structures
28
cis vs trans
cis- 2 of the same on same level
trans- 2 of the same on diagonal position
29
intermolecular forces
forces of attraction between molecules
30
intramolecular forces
the bonds found within a molecule holding the atoms together (ionic, covalent bonds)
31
types of intermolecular forces
1) London (Dispersion) forces
2) dipole-dipole forces
3) hydrogen bonding forces
32
london dispersion
What? Weak attraction in all molecules due to temporary uneven electron distribution.
How? Electrons shift → creates a temporary dipole → induces attraction.
Stronger When? More electrons = stronger force.
Key Fact: Present in all organic molecules.
33
dipole-dipole forces
What? Attraction between polar molecules where opposite charges align.
How? More polar bonds = stronger force.
Key Fact: Stronger than London forces but weaker than hydrogen bonding.
34
hydrogen bonding forces
A particularly strong form of dipole-dipole attraction that exists between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a lone pair of electrons belonging to a highly electronegative atom(oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine) in another molecule.
The hydrogen atom involved carries a slightly positive charge due to its participation in a polar covalent bond within its own molecule.
The highly electronegative atom of the second molecule carries a slight negative charge due to its participation in a polar covalent bond within its own molecule.
35
what 2 qualities determine high boiling point
longest parent chain
can form more and stronger intermolecular forces
36
what 2 qualities determine high solubility
- shorter parent chain(smaller nonpolar region
- form intermolecular forces with water
36
combustion reaction
The reaction of an organic compound with oxygen to yield if complete, water and carbon dioxide.
ALWAYS ASSUME COMPLETE COMBUSTION
37
substitution reaction
-An atom or atoms are replaced by a different atom or atoms.
Ch3-x + Ay -> ch3-y + Ax
38
addition reaction
Atoms are added to a molecule as a result of breaking a double or triple bond.
-c=c- + xy →cx-cy
38
elimination reaction
-atoms are removed from a molecule to form a double or triple bond ( reverse of addition)
Cx-cy ⇾ -c=c- + xy
39
oxidation reaction
- implies a gain of oxygen or a loss of hydrogen atoms.
A carbon atom gains more bonds to oxygen atoms
40
reduction reaction
- implies a loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen atoms.
A carbon atom gains more bonds to hydrogen atoms
41
condesation reaction
two organic molecules are joined together forming a single organic molecule through the loss of atoms that make up a water molecule.
41
hydrolysis reaction
Addition of a H2O molecule to split an organic molecule into 2 smaller organic molecules.
42
3 ways alcohols are produced
1. alkene and alkyne: addition(hydration)
2. aldehydes and ketones : reduction
3. ester: hydrolysis
43
aldehyde + oxidizing agent
carboxylic acid
44
carboxylic acid + amine is produced by
amide + H20
45
how are aldehydes and ketones produced
oxidation
alcohol (1st degree) + oxidizing agent -> aldehyde + h20
alcohol(2nddegree) + oxidzng agent -> ketone +h20
46
2 alcohols together produce
ether + H20
47
an ester and H20 are produced by
carboxylic acid and alcohol
48
carboxylic acid + amine
amide + H20
49
how are amines produced
Amine:substitution - organic halide + ammonia -> amine + H_
Amide: hydrolysis - amide + H20 ->carboxylic acid + amine
50
polymer
A large, usually chainlike molecule that is built from smaller molecules. Ex starch
50
monomer
One of the repeating small molecules that is used to make a polymer. Ex. glucose
51
2 types of polymer
a) natural
b) synthetic
52
natural polymers
Made by living organisms, from bacteria, plants to mammals
Ex. starch, proteins, DNA, linen, cotton, wool
53
synthetic polymers
Human made, manufactured in the lab through polymerization reactions
Ex. plastics, rayon, nylon, polyester , plexiglas, teflon, kevlar
