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Higher Chemistry > Unit 2 - Nature's Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Nature's Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

An organic compound with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) at the end of the molecule.

A

Aldehyde

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2
Q

A homologous series of aldehydes based on the corresponding alkanes by changing one of the carbon atoms at the end into a carbonyl group.

A

Alkanal

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3
Q

A homologous series of ketones based on the corresponding alkanes by changing one of the middle chain carbon atoms into a carbonyl group.

A

Alkanones

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4
Q

A homologous series of carboxylic acids based on the corresponding alkanes by changing the carbon atom at the end to a carboxyl group.

A

Alkanoics

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5
Q

Functional group found in ketones (alkanones) and aldehydes (alkanal). - C=O

A

Carbonyl

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6
Q

Functional group found in carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids). -COOH

A

Carboxyl

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7
Q

Organic compound formed by the oxidation of aldehydes, contain -COOH

A

Carboxylic acid

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8
Q

Reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule at the same time eliminating a small molecule such as water.

A

Condensation

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9
Q

Physical alteration of the molecular shape of a protein (or other molecule) as a result of temperature or pH changes.

A

Denaturing

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10
Q

A measure of the ability of an atom to attract a bonded pair of electrons - the more electronegative, the stronger the attraction.

A

Electronegativity

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11
Q

Protein molecules which act as catalysts in biological processes.

A

Enzymes

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12
Q

Type of amino acid which must be sourced in your diet.

A

Essential amino acid

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13
Q

Atoms or molecule containing unpaired electrons. Often formed by the effect of ultraviolet radiation on stable molecules.

A

Free radicals

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14
Q

Molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions.

A

Free radical scavengers

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15
Q

The addition of hydrogen to a carbon to carbon multiple bond, including converting oils to fats.

A

Hydrogenation

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16
Q

The breakdown of a molecule by reaction with water. Opposite of a condensation reaction.

A

Hydrolysis

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17
Q

2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, the starting compound for producing many essential oils (terpenes).

A

Isoprene

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18
Q

An organic compound with with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) within the carbon chain (i.e. not on one of the end carbons).

A

Ketone

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19
Q

When applied to carbon compounds, oxidation reactions result in an increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio. Also loss of electrons

A

Oxidation

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20
Q

Link formed during condensation polymerisation of amino acids. Can be identified as -CO-NH- and occurs where each pair of amino acids has joined together.

A

Peptide bond

21
Q

Biological polymers of small molecules called amino acids.

A

Protein

22
Q

A reaction in which one reactant gains electrons and another reactant loses electrons.

A

Redox

23
Q

Reactions result in a decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio, when applied to carbon compounds. Also gain of electrons.

A

Reduction

24
Q

The process by which soaps are made from fats and oils in a hydrolysis reaction.

A

Saponification

25
Q

The primary constituents of essential oils. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, formed by joining together units of 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene (isoprene).

A

Terpenes

26
Q

Compounds formed by the oxidation of terpenes, found in essential oils.

A

Terpenoids

27
Q

Molecules formed through the condensation of one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules.

A

Oil

28
Q

Molecule with at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

A

Alkene

29
Q

A volatile substance evaporates very easily to form a gas.

A

Alcohol or oil

30
Q

A measure of how easily a molecule will evaporate.

A

Volatility

31
Q

Method of calculating efficiency of a reaction be considering the mass of desired product in relation to the total mass of reactants.

A

Atom economy

32
Q

The energy needed to break or make one mole of a bond in a gaseous molecule.

A

Activation energy

33
Q

Release heat energy which is given up to the surroundings.

A

Exothermic

34
Q

A reactant from which other chemicals can be extracted or synthesised. Feedstocks are themselves derived from raw materials either by physical separation or by chemical reaction.

A

Feedstocks

35
Q

Absorb heat energy from the surroundings.

A

Endothermic

36
Q

The point at which the reaction is just complete.

A

Saturation point

37
Q

For a reaction is defined as the change in heat energy when 1 mole of reactant is converted to product(s) at constant pressure, and has the symbol ΔH and units of KJ mol-1.

A

Enthalpy

38
Q

A half-equation, either an oxidation or a reduction which in combination of the opposite type, can be part of a complete redox equation.

A

Ion-electron equation

39
Q

The volume occupied by one mole of a gas. For gases the units are 1 mol-1 (litres per mole).

A

Molar volume

40
Q

Loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction.

A

Oxidation

41
Q

A substance which accepts electrons.

A

Oxidising agent

42
Q

Shows the enthalpy of reactants and products and the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction.

A

Potential energy diagram

43
Q

A substance which donates electrons.

A

Reducing agent

44
Q

Gain of electrons by a reactant in any reaction.

A

Reduction

45
Q

A solution of accurately known concentration.

A

Standard solution

46
Q

The maximum possible amount of product in a reaction (i.e. all of the reactant(s) have been converted into product)

A

Theoretical yield

47
Q

Determines the volume of reactant solution required to react completely with the test solution.

A

Titre

48
Q

Involves analysis using a solution of accurately known concentration in a quantitative reaction to determine the concentration of another substance.

A

Titration

Higher Chemistry (2 decks)

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