Unit 2 - Nature's Chemistry Flashcards
An organic compound with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) at the end of the molecule.
Aldehyde
A homologous series of aldehydes based on the corresponding alkanes by changing one of the carbon atoms at the end into a carbonyl group.
Alkanal
A homologous series of ketones based on the corresponding alkanes by changing one of the middle chain carbon atoms into a carbonyl group.
Alkanones
A homologous series of carboxylic acids based on the corresponding alkanes by changing the carbon atom at the end to a carboxyl group.
Alkanoics
Functional group found in ketones (alkanones) and aldehydes (alkanal). - C=O
Carbonyl
Functional group found in carboxylic acids (alkanoic acids). -COOH
Carboxyl
Organic compound formed by the oxidation of aldehydes, contain -COOH
Carboxylic acid
Reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule at the same time eliminating a small molecule such as water.
Condensation
Physical alteration of the molecular shape of a protein (or other molecule) as a result of temperature or pH changes.
Denaturing
A measure of the ability of an atom to attract a bonded pair of electrons - the more electronegative, the stronger the attraction.
Electronegativity
Protein molecules which act as catalysts in biological processes.
Enzymes
Type of amino acid which must be sourced in your diet.
Essential amino acid
Atoms or molecule containing unpaired electrons. Often formed by the effect of ultraviolet radiation on stable molecules.
Free radicals
Molecules which can react with free radicals to form stable molecules and prevent chain reactions.
Free radical scavengers
The addition of hydrogen to a carbon to carbon multiple bond, including converting oils to fats.
Hydrogenation
The breakdown of a molecule by reaction with water. Opposite of a condensation reaction.
Hydrolysis
2-methylbuta-1,3-diene, the starting compound for producing many essential oils (terpenes).
Isoprene
An organic compound with with a carbonyl functional group (C=O) within the carbon chain (i.e. not on one of the end carbons).
Ketone
When applied to carbon compounds, oxidation reactions result in an increase in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio. Also loss of electrons
Oxidation
Link formed during condensation polymerisation of amino acids. Can be identified as -CO-NH- and occurs where each pair of amino acids has joined together.
Peptide bond
Biological polymers of small molecules called amino acids.
Protein
A reaction in which one reactant gains electrons and another reactant loses electrons.
Redox
Reactions result in a decrease in the oxygen to hydrogen ratio, when applied to carbon compounds. Also gain of electrons.
Reduction
The process by which soaps are made from fats and oils in a hydrolysis reaction.
Saponification
The primary constituents of essential oils. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, formed by joining together units of 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene (isoprene).
Terpenes
Compounds formed by the oxidation of terpenes, found in essential oils.
Terpenoids
Molecules formed through the condensation of one glycerol molecule with three fatty acid molecules.
Oil
Molecule with at least one carbon to carbon double bond.
Alkene
A volatile substance evaporates very easily to form a gas.
Alcohol or oil
A measure of how easily a molecule will evaporate.
Volatility
Method of calculating efficiency of a reaction be considering the mass of desired product in relation to the total mass of reactants.
Atom economy
The energy needed to break or make one mole of a bond in a gaseous molecule.
Activation energy
Release heat energy which is given up to the surroundings.
Exothermic
A reactant from which other chemicals can be extracted or synthesised. Feedstocks are themselves derived from raw materials either by physical separation or by chemical reaction.
Feedstocks
Absorb heat energy from the surroundings.
Endothermic
The point at which the reaction is just complete.
Saturation point
For a reaction is defined as the change in heat energy when 1 mole of reactant is converted to product(s) at constant pressure, and has the symbol ΔH and units of KJ mol-1.
Enthalpy
A half-equation, either an oxidation or a reduction which in combination of the opposite type, can be part of a complete redox equation.
Ion-electron equation
The volume occupied by one mole of a gas. For gases the units are 1 mol-1 (litres per mole).
Molar volume
Loss of electrons by a reactant in any reaction.
Oxidation
A substance which accepts electrons.
Oxidising agent
Shows the enthalpy of reactants and products and the enthalpy change during a chemical reaction.
Potential energy diagram
A substance which donates electrons.
Reducing agent
Gain of electrons by a reactant in any reaction.
Reduction
A solution of accurately known concentration.
Standard solution
The maximum possible amount of product in a reaction (i.e. all of the reactant(s) have been converted into product)
Theoretical yield
Determines the volume of reactant solution required to react completely with the test solution.
Titre
Involves analysis using a solution of accurately known concentration in a quantitative reaction to determine the concentration of another substance.
Titration
