Unit 2: Nature's Chemistry

Question 1

Homologous Series

Answer 1

Series of molecules with similar chemical properties and which share the same general formula

Question 2

Alkanes

Answer 2

Names all end in -ane

General Formula is C_nH_2n+2

Question 3

Alkenes

Answer 3

Names all end in -ene

All contain a carbon to carbon double bond (Unsaturated)

Have the general formula C_nH_2n

Question 4

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Answer 4

Decolourise bromine water quickly

Question 5

Cycloalkanes

Answer 5

Begin with cyclo- and end with -ane

Have the general formula C_nH_2n

Question 6

Combustion Reactions

Answer 6

Hydrocarbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 7

Addition Reactions

Answer 7

Double bond of alkene partially breaks, joining to the reactant molecule

Question 8

Hydrogenation

Answer 8

Addition of hydrogen to an alkene, turning it into an alkane

Question 9

Hydration

Answer 9

Addition of water to an alkene

Question 10

Isomers

Answer 10

Compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae

Question 11

Exothermic Reaction

Answer 11

Releases Heat Energy

Question 12

Endothermic Reaction

Answer 12

Take in Heat Energy

Question 13

Alkanols - Functional Group

Answer 13

Hydroxyl (OH)

Question 14

Alkanols - General Formula

Answer 14

C_nH_2n+1OH

Question 15

Alkanols - Naming

Answer 15

Ends in -anol

Number of carbon with hydroxyl group attached is lowest (butan-1-ol)

Question 16

Alkanols - Properties

Answer 16

Highly Flammable

Boiling points increase with size of molecule as inter-molecular forces increase

Question 17

Alkanols - Reactions

Answer 17

Combustion: Alkanol + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water

Condensation with carboxylic acids to make esters

Question 18

Alkanols - Uses

Answer 18

Alcoholic Drinks (Ethanol)

Fuels (All Alcohols) - Methanol + Ethanol very clean burning

Solvents

Making Esters

Question 19

Carboxylic Acids - Functional Group

Answer 19

Carboxyl

-COOH

Question 20

Carboxylic Acids - Naming

Answer 20

• oic acid
  eg. ethanoic acid (vinegar)
• *Carbon within carboxylate always number 1*

Question 21

Carboxylic Acids - General Formula

Answer 21

C_nH_2n+1COOH

Question 22

Carboxylic Acids - Properties

Answer 22

Boiling point increases with size due to increasing intermolecular forces

Question 23

Carboxylic Acids - Reactions

Answer 23

Same as all Acids

Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen

Base + Acid → Water + Salt

Carbonate + Acid → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

Ethanoic Acid → Ethanoate (CH₃COO^-)

Condensation Reaction with alcohols to make esters

Question 24

Carboxylic Acids - Uses

Answer 24

Cleaning Products (Limescale Remover)

Preservative

Question 25

Esters

Answer 25

Made from alcohol + carboxylic acid

Question 26

Esters - Naming

Answer 26

Alkyl (alcohol) Alkanoate (acid)

Question 27

Esters - Uses

Answer 27

Flavourings

Fragrances

Solvents