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Nat 5 Chemistry > Unit 2- Nature’s Chemistry > Flashcards

Unit 2- Nature’s Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Prefixes (No. of carbons in a hydrocarbon chain)

A

1- Meth…
2- Eth…
3- Prop…
4- But…
5- Pent…
6- Hex…
7- Hept…
8- Oct…

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2
Q

Homologous series definition?

A

A family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

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3
Q

Alkanes’ key points?

A

Always end in ANE.

Contain C-C single bonds only.

Described as saturated molecules.

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4
Q

General formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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5
Q

Alkenes’ key points?

A

Always end in ENE.

Always contain at least one C=C double bond.

Can be described as unsaturated molecules.

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6
Q

General formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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7
Q

Rule for naming alkenes?

A

Number the carbon atoms from the end that gives the carbon of the double bond the lower number.

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8
Q

Isomer key points?

A

Isomers are compounds which have the same number of atoms of each kind but differ in the way in which these atoms are arranged.

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

Isomers have different physical properties including melting and boiling points.

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9
Q

What is a straight chain hydrocarbon?

A

In a straight chain hydrocarbon, all the carbon atoms in the molecule are linked one after the other in a single continuous chain.

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10
Q

What is a branched chained hydrocarbon?

A

In a branched chained hydrocarbon, the molecule has one or more side chains of carbon atoms coming out from the main chain.

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11
Q

Rules for naming branched chained alkanes?

A
  1. Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms and name the alkane with this number of carbon atoms.
  2. Identify the branch and name it according to the number of carbon atoms in the branch.
  3. Number the branch so that it has the lower of two possible numbers.
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12
Q

Types of branches in branches chained hydrocarbons?

A

Methyl branch- One carbon atom in the branch- CH3

Ethyl branch- Two carbon atoms in the branch- C2H5

Propyl branch- Three carbon atoms in the branch- C3H7

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13
Q

Side chain prefixes?

A

Di (2 branches)

Tri (3 branches)

Tetra (4 branches)

Branches are named in alphabetical order so ethyl will always come before methyl.

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14
Q

Rules for naming branched chained alkenes?

A

The same rules as used for naming alkanes, however for alkenes, the position of the double bond must be identified.

The number for the position (the lowest possible) is placed before the -ene.

When naming a branched alkene, the position of the double bond is more important than the position of the branch.

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15
Q

What are cycloalkanes?

A

A homologous series of hydrocarbons with cyclic shapes.

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16
Q

What do the names of cycloalkanes start and end with?

A

The names of cycloalkanes start with CYCLO and end with ANE.

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17
Q

What type of bonds do cycloalkanes contain?

A

C-C single bonds.

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18
Q

Are cycloalkanes saturated or unsaturated molecules?

A

Saturated

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19
Q

What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?

A

CnH2n

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20
Q

Which is the most reactive out of alkanes, alkenes and cycloalkanes?

A

Alkenes

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21
Q

Why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes and cycloalkanes?

A

Because they have a double bond.

22
Q

What happens in an addition reaction?

A

In addition reactions, the double bond of the alkene partially breaks when the reactant molecule attacks and adds across it.

23
Q

Types of addition reactions?

A

Halogenation

Hydrogenation

Hydration

24
Q

How to test for unsaturation?

A

It is possible to distinguish an unsaturated compound from a saturated compound using bromine solution.

Unsaturated compounds decolourise bromine solution quickly.

25
Q

What is an alcohol?

A

An alcohol is a molecule containing a hydroxyl function group (-OH).

26
Q

General formula of alcohols:

A

CnH2n+1OH

27
Q

How to name an alcohol?

A

The basic rules of naming apply:

The position of the hydroxyl group is indicated before the ‘ol’ part.

28
Q

Uses of alcohols:

A

Alcohol can be used as a solvent.

Alcohol can be used as a steriliser.

Alcohols are used as fuels as they are highly flammable, and burn with very clean flames.

29
Q

What are miscible liquids?

A

Liquids that can mix together.

30
Q

What are immiscible liquids?

A

Liquids that cannot be mixed together.

31
Q

Properties of alcohols:

A

Methanol, ethanol and propanol are miscible with water, thereafter the solubility decreases as size increases.

As alcohols increase in size, their melting and boiling points increase due to the increasing strength of the intermolecular forces.

32
Q

What is a carboxylic acid?

A

A carboxylic acid is a molecule which is characterised by its functional group called the carboxyl group, -COOH.

33
Q

General formula of carboxylic acids?

A

CnH2n+1COOH

34
Q

How to name a carboxylic acid?

A

The naming of carboxylic acids is similar to that of alkanes however the ending is replaced with ‘oic acid’.

35
Q

Properties of carboxylic acids:

A

Methanoic, ethanoic, propanoic and butanoic acid are miscible in water, thereafter the solubility decreases as size increases.

As carboxylic acids increase in size, their melting and boiling points increase due to the increasing strength of the intermolecular forces.

36
Q

Uses of carboxylic acids?

A

Carboxylic acids are used in the preparation of preservatives, soaps and medicines.

Vinegar is a solution of ethanoic acid, with molecular formula CH3COOH.

Vinegar is used in household cleaning products as it is a non-toxic acid so it can be used safely in household situations.

37
Q

What is the pH of solutions of carboxylic acids?

A

less than 7

38
Q

What can carboxylic acids react with to form salts?

A

metals, metal oxides, hydroxides and carbonates

39
Q

magnesium + methanoic acid ——> ?

A

magnesium methanoate + hydrogen

40
Q

calcium oxide + butanoic acid ——> ?

A

calcium butanoate + water

41
Q

sodium hydroxide + ethanoic acid ——> ?

A

sodium ethanoate + water

42
Q

lithium carbonate + propanoic acid ——> ?

A

lithium propanoate + water + carbon dioxide

43
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy.

44
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that takes in energy.

45
Q

What happens in combustion?

A

A substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy.

46
Q

What type of reaction is combustion?

A

exothermic

47
Q

Hydrocarbons and alcohols burn in a plentiful supple of oxygen to produce…?

A

Carbon dioxide
and water. (complete combustion)

48
Q

Fuels burn releasing…?

A

Different quantities of energy.

49
Q

Apparatus used to measure potential energy produced (or specific heat capacity, mass or change in temperature of water):

A

Copper can filled with water with a thermometer inside, held above a spirit burner filled with methanol, surrounded by a draught shield.

50
Q

Eh=cm🔺T

What do each part of this equation stand for? Eh=cm🔺T

A

Eh= potential energy (enthalpy)

c= specific heat capacity of water (kJ)

m= mass of water (kg)

🔺T= change in temperature

Nat 5 Chemistry (3 decks)

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