Unit 2 - Molecular Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Define reductionism
A
Taking out a small part of a systemic mechanism to see how it works separately
2
Q
Define catenation
A
a property that allows the formation of chains
3
Q
What is the prefix myo- used for
A
Terms related to msucles e.g., myoglobin, myosin
4
Q
what is the sufix -ose used for?
A
things that contain/is sugar e.g., ribose, glucose, lactose
5
Q
Define metabolism
A
any reaction occuring within the cell
6
Q
Define fixation
A
keeping something at a centain place/state without letting it move
7
Q
what is the sweetest sugar?
A
fructose
8
Q
What is molecular biology?
A
Living processes in terms of the chemical substance involved. The basis of cell structure.
9
Q
What are the main element s of molecular biology?
A
C,H,O,N
10
Q
What are the 2 types of metabolism
A
anabolism & catabolism
11
Q
explain anabolism
A
a reaction that forms large molecules/structures from smaller ones
12
Q
explain catabolism
A
a reaction that breaks down large structures/molecules inro smaller ones
13
Q
What are the forms of saccharides most likely to be found in living organisms?
A
Pentose & Hexose
14
Q
What group is -OH
A
hydroxyl
15
Q
What group is -NH2
A
amine
16
Q
What group is -COOH
A
carboxyl
17
Q
What group is -CH3
A
methyl
18
Q
Types of protein
A
Fibrous & globular
19
Q
Describe fibrous protein
A
- forms long, hair-like structures
- able to form strong bonds & uphold structural integrity
- insoluble
20
Q
Describe globular protein
A
- globe like
- doesn’t make fixed structure
- soluble
21
Q
What is the primary protein structure?
A
Amino structure in polypeptide chain e.g., insulin
22
Q
When Wohler synthesised urea, it falsified which theory
A
Vitalism
23
Q
vitalism is a theory that an _____ _____ can’t be produced from _____ _____, but can only be produced from a _____ _____ or some part of a _____ _____
A
vitalism is a theory that an organic molecule can’t be produced from inorganic molecules, but can only be produced from a living organism or some part of a living organism
24
Q
When a dipeptide is formed from two amino acids which type of reaction takes place
A
Condensation reaction
25
What did Crick and Watson use when they elucidated the structure of DNA?
Model making
26
what is Taq DNA polymerase used for?
Producing multiple copies of a segment of DNA in laboratory conditions
27
What is a proteome?
all the protein molecules in a cell or organism depending on which genes are activated/transcribed/expressed
28
Why is the proteome of an individual cell of a multicellular organism different from the proteome of the whole organism
Different proteins are manufactured in different tissue types therefore the proteome of a tissue is less than that of the entire organism and the same proteins are not manufactured in all cells
29
Why is carbon used as the backbone of all organic molecules?
- it makes covalent bonds which are the strongest, allowing stable molecules to be formed
- it can form 4 bonds with 4 other different atoms
30
carbohydrates:
- contains _,_ & _
- ______ compounds consisting of one or more ______ ______
- monomers follow the basic formula of (______)X
- monomers are commonly ______-______ molecules
- contains C,H & O
- organic compounds consisting onf one or more simple sugars
- monomers follow the basic formula of (CH2O)X
- monomers are commonly ring-shaped molecules
31
Describe lipids
- contains C,H & O
| - insoluble in water, soluble in non-polar organic solvents
32
What are the common lipids?
Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
33
what are triglycerides?
simple lipids e.g., fats, oils. contains glycerol + 3 fatty acids
34
What are phospholipids?
a compond lipid containng a phosphate group. the main component of cell plasma membrane. contains pgosphate + glycerol + 2 fatty acids
35
whatt are steroids?
derived lipids, important in membrane structure. contains 4 fused hydrocarbon rings
36
Describe a protein
large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged into one or more linear chains. contains C,H, N & O
37
Uses of proteins are?
hormones e.g., insulin, immunoglobulins (antibodies), enzymes e.g., catalase and gas transport e.g., haemoglobin
38
Describe nucleic acids
- contains C,H, N, P & O
- sub units = nucleotides
- ribose = RNA , deoxyribose = DNA
39
What are nucleotides
the sub unit of nucleic acids consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate groups covalently bonded together
40
what does an amino acid consist of?
a carbon centre, a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R variable
41
What are the types of fatty acids?
- saturated (no double bond)
- mono-unsaturated (1 double bond)
- poly-unsaturated (>1 double bond)
42
Condensation _____ bonds
Condensation makes bonds
43
hydrolysis _____ bonds
hydrolysis breaks bonds
44
Maltose synthase ______ 2 molecules of glucose into ____ forming a glycosidic bond
Maltose synthase condenses 2 molecules of glucose into maltose forming a glycosidic bond
45
Properties of water are
-Cohesion
-Adhesion
-Solvent
-
46
Cohesion of water occurs because of the ______ of water molecules and it ability to form _______ bonds
Cohesion of water occurs because of the polarity of water molecules and it ability to form hydrogen bonds
47
Although hydrogen bonds are ______ the large number of bonds present gives cohesive forces great strengths (each water molecule bonds to 4 others)
Although hydrogen bonds are weak the large number of bonds present gives cohesive forces great strengths (each water molecule bonds to 4 others)
48
water molecules are ______ cohesive.
water molecules are strongly cohesive.
49
A ribosome _______ two amino acids into a dipeptide forming a _______ bond
A ribosome condenses two amino acids into a dipeptide formine a peptide bond
50
Adhesion occurs as a result of the _____ of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds
Adhesion occurs as a result of the polarity of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds
51
water molecules tend to stick to other molecules that are _____ or ______ for similar reasons that they stick to each other.
water molecules tend to stick to other molecules that are charged or polar for similar reasons that they stick to each other.
52
Describe hydrophilic substance
substances chemically attracted to water
53
Describe hydrophobic substance
a substance that is insoluble
54
_________ is the form of sugar that fuels respiration
Glucose
55
What are the 4 types of monosaccharides?
Ribose, glucose, galactose and fructose.
56
How does a glycosidic bond form?
A pair of OH molecules form a bond through condensation reaction producing a glycosidic bond and H2O
57
What are the 4 types of disaccharides?
- Maltose ( glucose x glucose)
- Lactose ( glucose x galactose )
- Sucrose ( glucose x fructose)
58
What are disaccharides
polymers with 2 molecules of sugar
59
Glycogen is the ______-term energy ______ molecule in animals. It is stored in the ______ and ______.
Glycogen is the medium-term energy storage molecule in animals. It is stored in the liver and muscles.
60
The energy stored in ______ is more readily available than the energy stored in ______
The energy stored in glycogen is more readily available than the energy stored in fat
61
How do you determine if excess weight is a health risk?
- BMI
- Skinfold thickness measurements
- Dietary evaluations
- Physical activity assessment
- Family history assessment
62
How do ypu calculate BMI?
Mass in kg : (height in m)^2
63
Where are polypeptides synthesized?
Ribosomes
64
Ribosomes are molecules within cells that facilitate the formation of ______ ______
Ribosomes are molecules within cells that facilitate the formation of peptide bonds
65
How many amino acids are encoded by the universal genetic code?
20 Amino acids
66
what are the codes for making polypeptides?
genes
67
Where does translation occur
cytoplasm
68
Where does transcription occur
in the nucleus
69
protein denaturation is a change to the ______ of a protein due to the breaking of the ______ and ______ between the __ ______ of amino acids within a protein
protein denaturation is a change to the conformation of a protein due to the breaking of the bonds ans interactions between the R groups of amino acids within a protein
70
What are the factors that can cause protein denaturation?
Heat and extreme pH
71
what is the evidence that trans fats are health risks
- A positive correlation found between trans fats intake and rates of CHD when other factors tested negative
- fatty deposits in diseased arteries of patients that died from CHD contained high concentrations of trans fats.
72
What does a protein consist of?
one polypeptide or more linked together
73
What are the usages of proteins in organisms?
- Catalysis
- Cytoskeletons
- Cell adhesion
- Muscle contraction
- Membrane transport
- Tensile strengthening
- Transport of nutrients and gases
- Blood clotting
- Immunity.
- Receptors
- DNA packing
- Hormones
74
HOW ARE PROTEINS USED FOR CELL ADHESION?
membrane proteins cause adjescent animal cells to stick to each other within tissues (glycoproteins)
75
How are proteins used for membrane transport?
membrane proteins are used for facilitated diffusion and active transport (transmembrane proteins)
76
which proteins are used as hormones?
e.g., insulin, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
77
How are proteins used as receptors?
Receptors for light in the eye and in plants (Rhodopsin)
78
which protein is used for DNA packing?
Histones
79
which proteins are used for immunity?
immunoglobulins
