Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology HL > Unit 2 - Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Molecular Biology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define reductionism

A

Taking out a small part of a systemic mechanism to see how it works separately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define catenation

A

a property that allows the formation of chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the prefix myo- used for

A

Terms related to msucles e.g., myoglobin, myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the sufix -ose used for?

A

things that contain/is sugar e.g., ribose, glucose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define metabolism

A

any reaction occuring within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define fixation

A

keeping something at a centain place/state without letting it move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the sweetest sugar?

A

fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is molecular biology?

A

Living processes in terms of the chemical substance involved. The basis of cell structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main element s of molecular biology?

A

C,H,O,N

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism

A

anabolism & catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

explain anabolism

A

a reaction that forms large molecules/structures from smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

explain catabolism

A

a reaction that breaks down large structures/molecules inro smaller ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the forms of saccharides most likely to be found in living organisms?

A

Pentose & Hexose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What group is -OH

A

hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What group is -NH2

A

amine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What group is -COOH

A

carboxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What group is -CH3

A

methyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of protein

A

Fibrous & globular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe fibrous protein

A
  • forms long, hair-like structures
  • able to form strong bonds & uphold structural integrity
  • insoluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe globular protein

A
  • globe like
  • doesn’t make fixed structure
  • soluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

Amino structure in polypeptide chain e.g., insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When Wohler synthesised urea, it falsified which theory

A

Vitalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vitalism is a theory that an _____ _____ can’t be produced from _____ _____, but can only be produced from a _____ _____ or some part of a _____ _____

A

vitalism is a theory that an organic molecule can’t be produced from inorganic molecules, but can only be produced from a living organism or some part of a living organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When a dipeptide is formed from two amino acids which type of reaction takes place

A

Condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What did Crick and Watson use when they elucidated the structure of DNA?

A

Model making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is Taq DNA polymerase used for?

A

Producing multiple copies of a segment of DNA in laboratory conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a proteome?

A

all the protein molecules in a cell or organism depending on which genes are activated/transcribed/expressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why is the proteome of an individual cell of a multicellular organism different from the proteome of the whole organism

A

Different proteins are manufactured in different tissue types therefore the proteome of a tissue is less than that of the entire organism and the same proteins are not manufactured in all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is carbon used as the backbone of all organic molecules?

A
  • it makes covalent bonds which are the strongest, allowing stable molecules to be formed
  • it can form 4 bonds with 4 other different atoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

carbohydrates:

  • contains , & _
  • ______ compounds consisting of one or more ______ ______
  • monomers follow the basic formula of (______)X
  • monomers are commonly ______-______ molecules
A
  • contains C,H & O
  • organic compounds consisting onf one or more simple sugars
  • monomers follow the basic formula of (CH2O)X
  • monomers are commonly ring-shaped molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe lipids

A
  • contains C,H & O

- insoluble in water, soluble in non-polar organic solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the common lipids?

A

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids

33
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

simple lipids e.g., fats, oils. contains glycerol + 3 fatty acids

34
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

a compond lipid containng a phosphate group. the main component of cell plasma membrane. contains pgosphate + glycerol + 2 fatty acids

35
Q

whatt are steroids?

A

derived lipids, important in membrane structure. contains 4 fused hydrocarbon rings

36
Q

Describe a protein

A

large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged into one or more linear chains. contains C,H, N & O

37
Q

Uses of proteins are?

A

hormones e.g., insulin, immunoglobulins (antibodies), enzymes e.g., catalase and gas transport e.g., haemoglobin

38
Q

Describe nucleic acids

A
  • contains C,H, N, P & O
  • sub units = nucleotides
  • ribose = RNA , deoxyribose = DNA
39
Q

What are nucleotides

A

the sub unit of nucleic acids consisting of a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate groups covalently bonded together

40
Q

what does an amino acid consist of?

A

a carbon centre, a hydrogen atom, an amine group, a carboxyl group and an R variable

41
Q

What are the types of fatty acids?

A
  • saturated (no double bond)
  • mono-unsaturated (1 double bond)
  • poly-unsaturated (>1 double bond)
42
Q

Condensation _____ bonds

A

Condensation makes bonds

43
Q

hydrolysis _____ bonds

A

hydrolysis breaks bonds

44
Q

Maltose synthase ______ 2 molecules of glucose into ____ forming a glycosidic bond

A

Maltose synthase condenses 2 molecules of glucose into maltose forming a glycosidic bond

45
Q

Properties of water are

A

-Cohesion
-Adhesion
-Solvent
-

46
Q

Cohesion of water occurs because of the ______ of water molecules and it ability to form _______ bonds

A

Cohesion of water occurs because of the polarity of water molecules and it ability to form hydrogen bonds

47
Q

Although hydrogen bonds are ______ the large number of bonds present gives cohesive forces great strengths (each water molecule bonds to 4 others)

A

Although hydrogen bonds are weak the large number of bonds present gives cohesive forces great strengths (each water molecule bonds to 4 others)

48
Q

water molecules are ______ cohesive.

A

water molecules are strongly cohesive.

49
Q

A ribosome _______ two amino acids into a dipeptide forming a _______ bond

A

A ribosome condenses two amino acids into a dipeptide formine a peptide bond

50
Q

Adhesion occurs as a result of the _____ of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds

A

Adhesion occurs as a result of the polarity of water and its ability to form hydrogen bonds

51
Q

water molecules tend to stick to other molecules that are _____ or ______ for similar reasons that they stick to each other.

A

water molecules tend to stick to other molecules that are charged or polar for similar reasons that they stick to each other.

52
Q

Describe hydrophilic substance

A

substances chemically attracted to water

53
Q

Describe hydrophobic substance

A

a substance that is insoluble

54
Q

_________ is the form of sugar that fuels respiration

A

Glucose

55
Q

What are the 4 types of monosaccharides?

A

Ribose, glucose, galactose and fructose.

56
Q

How does a glycosidic bond form?

A

A pair of OH molecules form a bond through condensation reaction producing a glycosidic bond and H2O

57
Q

What are the 4 types of disaccharides?

A
  • Maltose ( glucose x glucose)
  • Lactose ( glucose x galactose )
  • Sucrose ( glucose x fructose)
58
Q

What are disaccharides

A

polymers with 2 molecules of sugar

59
Q

Glycogen is the ______-term energy ______ molecule in animals. It is stored in the ______ and ______.

A

Glycogen is the medium-term energy storage molecule in animals. It is stored in the liver and muscles.

60
Q

The energy stored in ______ is more readily available than the energy stored in ______

A

The energy stored in glycogen is more readily available than the energy stored in fat

61
Q

How do you determine if excess weight is a health risk?

A
  • BMI
  • Skinfold thickness measurements
  • Dietary evaluations
  • Physical activity assessment
  • Family history assessment
62
Q

How do ypu calculate BMI?

A

Mass in kg : (height in m)^2

63
Q

Where are polypeptides synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

64
Q

Ribosomes are molecules within cells that facilitate the formation of ______ ______

A

Ribosomes are molecules within cells that facilitate the formation of peptide bonds

65
Q

How many amino acids are encoded by the universal genetic code?

A

20 Amino acids

66
Q

what are the codes for making polypeptides?

A

genes

67
Q

Where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

68
Q

Where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

69
Q

protein denaturation is a change to the ______ of a protein due to the breaking of the ______ and ______ between the __ ______ of amino acids within a protein

A

protein denaturation is a change to the conformation of a protein due to the breaking of the bonds ans interactions between the R groups of amino acids within a protein

70
Q

What are the factors that can cause protein denaturation?

A

Heat and extreme pH

71
Q

what is the evidence that trans fats are health risks

A
  • A positive correlation found between trans fats intake and rates of CHD when other factors tested negative
  • fatty deposits in diseased arteries of patients that died from CHD contained high concentrations of trans fats.
72
Q

What does a protein consist of?

A

one polypeptide or more linked together

73
Q

What are the usages of proteins in organisms?

A
  • Catalysis
  • Cytoskeletons
  • Cell adhesion
  • Muscle contraction
  • Membrane transport
  • Tensile strengthening
  • Transport of nutrients and gases
  • Blood clotting
  • Immunity.
  • Receptors
  • DNA packing
  • Hormones
74
Q

HOW ARE PROTEINS USED FOR CELL ADHESION?

A

membrane proteins cause adjescent animal cells to stick to each other within tissues (glycoproteins)

75
Q

How are proteins used for membrane transport?

A

membrane proteins are used for facilitated diffusion and active transport (transmembrane proteins)

76
Q

which proteins are used as hormones?

A

e.g., insulin, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)

77
Q

How are proteins used as receptors?

A

Receptors for light in the eye and in plants (Rhodopsin)

78
Q

which protein is used for DNA packing?

A

Histones

79
Q

which proteins are used for immunity?

A

immunoglobulins

Biology HL (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions