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Psychology > UNIT 2 MIDTERM > Flashcards

UNIT 2 MIDTERM Flashcards

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1
Q

WHat is operant conditioning?

A

A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify voluntary behaviors

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Earning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g. a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g. food) that naturally produces a behavior

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3
Q

Another term for classical conditioning?

A

Pavlovian Conditioning

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4
Q

What was the conditioned stimulus in the little albert experiment?

A

Loud noise

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5
Q

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?

A

Salivating to a bell

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6
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

Anything that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated

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7
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement schedule where a reinforcement is given after the next correct response after a fixed number of responses has occupied

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8
Q

WHat is the first stage of information processing?

A

Encode

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9
Q

WHat is prospective memory?

A

Type of memory use to recall future events

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10
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

A

Unlimited

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11
Q

WHat is the ability to recall events that happen prior to the age of three?

A

infantile amnesia

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12
Q

WHat is REM sleep

A

Stages of known as paradoxical sleep

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13
Q

Type of brain waves that indicate alertness

A

Alpha Waves

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14
Q

Length of a sleep cycle

A

90 min

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15
Q

What stage does sleepwalking/talking occur

A

stage 4

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16
Q

What is sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder where a person repeatedly stops breathing when sleeping

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17
Q

Thurstone’s name for 8 specific factors that make up intelligence

A

primary mental abilities

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18
Q

WHo was Charles Spearman

A

He believed that general (g) intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests

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19
Q

What is the term used for the intellectual level at which a child is functioning?

A

Mental age

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20
Q

WHat is Sternberg’s type of intelligence that relates to “street smarts”

A

practical or contextual

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21
Q

What is the first test to attempt to measure intelligence

A

Binot Simon

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22
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The occurrence of an extinct behavior due to the passage of time

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23
Q

What is Hypnosis

A

An altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and act as though in a trance

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24
Q

What is Lantent-Learning

A

Learning that is not immediately apparent

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25
Q

What is observational learning?

A

gaining knowledge by watching other rather than through a direct experience

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26
Q

What are holophrases

A

The use of single words, by infants, to convey complex meanings

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27
Q

WHo was Noah Chomsky

A

He theorized that all children were born with a language acquisition device

28
Q

What is circadian rhythm

A

Alternation wakefulness and sleep that is connected to the 24 hour period of the earth’s rotation

29
Q

WHat did Freud believe about dreams

A

He believe dreams reflected unconscious wishes and desires

30
Q

What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory

A

Pavlov found that for associations to be made up, the stimuli had to be researched close together in time (such as a bell)

31
Q

What was J.B. Watsons Study

A

He classically conditioned little albert to fear rats

32
Q

What was skinner known for

A

trained pigeons to perform various tasks using operant conditioning, or learning through rewards and punishment

33
Q

How does a phobia relate to classical conditioning

A

(Irrational fears)

the process of classical conditioning can explain how we acquire phobias.

ex: we learn to associate something we don’t fear (neutral stimulus), with something…

34
Q

How does preparedness associate with classical conditioning

A

we are biologically primed to be especially susceptible to certain kinds of fear (spiders, heights, snakes)

35
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

learning through observation and imitation of others through others’ experiences, rather than through direct experience

36
Q

What is a primary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself; food, water, or sex

37
Q

What is a secondary reinforcer

A

a reinforcer that acquires its reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer; money, praise, good grades, or awards

38
Q

What is a punishment in operant conditioning

A

a change in environment that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again

39
Q

what are responses to make a punishment efficient

A

swift, sufficient, certain

40
Q

What is modeling

A

a process where people learn behaviors, skills, and ways of thinking and feeling by observing others

41
Q

What is extinction in psychology?

A

presentation of conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus leading to a lessening of responding & then no response

42
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

Rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcement delivery in operant conditioning

43
Q

What is shaping in operant learning

A

A procedure in which its rewards gradually guides an behavior toward your desired behavior

44
Q

What is sleep apnea

A

Most common sleep disorder, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep

45
Q

What is narcolepsy

A

extreme sleepiness during the day that can include involuntary napping

46
Q

Stage 1 of sleep creates what type of brain waves

A

Theta waves

47
Q

Stage 2 of sleep creates what type of brain waves

A

sleep spindles

48
Q

Stage 3 & 4 create what type of brain waves

A

Delta waves

49
Q

What stage does sleepwalking/talking occur?

A

Stage 4
7-15% of children sleep walk

50
Q

What is the most common drug on a college campus?

A

Alchohol

51
Q

What is the cocktail party effect

A

psychoacoustic phenomenon describing the ability to focus on a single conversation or a speaker in a noisy environment

52
Q

WHat is the cereal position effect

A

psychological tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle

53
Q

What is implicit memory

A

or also known as non declarative memory without conscious recall

54
Q

What is explicit memory

A

or also known as declarative memory with conscious recall

55
Q

explicit memory

A

sematic: facts and general knowledge
episodic: personal experiences or events
“i remember”

56
Q

What is procedural memory

A

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to perform motor skills or cognitive tests

Long term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills

57
Q

implicit memory

A

procedural : motor skills and habits
priming: earlier exposure helps retrieval
2x2=4

58
Q

what is chunking

A

a memory technique that involves breaking large pieces of information into smaller units, or chunks, to makes them easier to retain in short-term memory

59
Q

short-term memory

A

temporary information storage (30-2min)

transfers information that has been retrieved from long-term memory or lets it decay

60
Q

long-term memory

A

infinite capacity
organize information in semantic categories; also by the way words sound and look

61
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A

test based on mental age

62
Q

The Wechsler Scale

A

permanent computation of verbal & performance IQ’s

63
Q

How do you calculate someones IQ

A

IQ= (MA/CA) x 100

64
Q

practical intelligence

A

the ability to adapt to, shape, or select an environment to achieve goals

65
Q

What is overregulation

A

a language developed phenomenon that occurs when children apply grammatical rules to irregular words

(using the word comed instead of came)

Psychology (1 decks)

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