UNIT 2 MIDTERM Flashcards
WHat is operant conditioning?
A learning process that uses rewards and punishments to modify voluntary behaviors
What is classical conditioning?
Earning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g. a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g. food) that naturally produces a behavior
Another term for classical conditioning?
Pavlovian Conditioning
What was the conditioned stimulus in the little albert experiment?
Loud noise
What was the conditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment?
Salivating to a bell
What is a reinforcer?
Anything that increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated
What is a fixed-ratio schedule?
Reinforcement schedule where a reinforcement is given after the next correct response after a fixed number of responses has occupied
WHat is the first stage of information processing?
Encode
WHat is prospective memory?
Type of memory use to recall future events
What is the capacity of long-term memory?
Unlimited
WHat is the ability to recall events that happen prior to the age of three?
infantile amnesia
WHat is REM sleep
Stages of known as paradoxical sleep
Type of brain waves that indicate alertness
Alpha Waves
Length of a sleep cycle
90 min
What stage does sleepwalking/talking occur
stage 4
What is sleep apnea
a sleep disorder where a person repeatedly stops breathing when sleeping
Thurstone’s name for 8 specific factors that make up intelligence
primary mental abilities
WHo was Charles Spearman
He believed that general (g) intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests
What is the term used for the intellectual level at which a child is functioning?
Mental age
WHat is Sternberg’s type of intelligence that relates to “street smarts”
practical or contextual
What is the first test to attempt to measure intelligence
Binot Simon
What is spontaneous recovery?
The occurrence of an extinct behavior due to the passage of time
What is Hypnosis
An altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and act as though in a trance
What is Lantent-Learning
Learning that is not immediately apparent
What is observational learning?
gaining knowledge by watching other rather than through a direct experience
What are holophrases
The use of single words, by infants, to convey complex meanings
WHo was Noah Chomsky
He theorized that all children were born with a language acquisition device
What is circadian rhythm
Alternation wakefulness and sleep that is connected to the 24 hour period of the earth’s rotation
WHat did Freud believe about dreams
He believe dreams reflected unconscious wishes and desires
What is Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Pavlov found that for associations to be made up, the stimuli had to be researched close together in time (such as a bell)
What was J.B. Watsons Study
He classically conditioned little albert to fear rats
What was skinner known for
trained pigeons to perform various tasks using operant conditioning, or learning through rewards and punishment
How does a phobia relate to classical conditioning
(Irrational fears)
the process of classical conditioning can explain how we acquire phobias.
ex: we learn to associate something we don’t fear (neutral stimulus), with something…
How does preparedness associate with classical conditioning
we are biologically primed to be especially susceptible to certain kinds of fear (spiders, heights, snakes)
What is vicarious learning?
learning through observation and imitation of others through others’ experiences, rather than through direct experience
What is a primary reinforcer
a reinforcer that is rewarding in itself; food, water, or sex
What is a secondary reinforcer
a reinforcer that acquires its reinforcing power through association with primary reinforcer; money, praise, good grades, or awards
What is a punishment in operant conditioning
a change in environment that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again
what are responses to make a punishment efficient
swift, sufficient, certain
What is modeling
a process where people learn behaviors, skills, and ways of thinking and feeling by observing others
What is extinction in psychology?
presentation of conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus leading to a lessening of responding & then no response
Reinforcement Schedules
Rules that control the timing and frequency of reinforcement delivery in operant conditioning
What is shaping in operant learning
A procedure in which its rewards gradually guides an behavior toward your desired behavior
What is sleep apnea
Most common sleep disorder, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep
What is narcolepsy
extreme sleepiness during the day that can include involuntary napping
Stage 1 of sleep creates what type of brain waves
Theta waves
Stage 2 of sleep creates what type of brain waves
sleep spindles
Stage 3 & 4 create what type of brain waves
Delta waves
What stage does sleepwalking/talking occur?
Stage 4
7-15% of children sleep walk
What is the most common drug on a college campus?
Alchohol
What is the cocktail party effect
psychoacoustic phenomenon describing the ability to focus on a single conversation or a speaker in a noisy environment
WHat is the cereal position effect
psychological tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle
What is implicit memory
or also known as non declarative memory without conscious recall
What is explicit memory
or also known as declarative memory with conscious recall
explicit memory
sematic: facts and general knowledge
episodic: personal experiences or events
“i remember”
What is procedural memory
type of implicit memory that stores information about how to perform motor skills or cognitive tests
Long term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills
implicit memory
procedural : motor skills and habits
priming: earlier exposure helps retrieval
2x2=4
what is chunking
a memory technique that involves breaking large pieces of information into smaller units, or chunks, to makes them easier to retain in short-term memory
short-term memory
temporary information storage (30-2min)
transfers information that has been retrieved from long-term memory or lets it decay
long-term memory
infinite capacity
organize information in semantic categories; also by the way words sound and look
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
test based on mental age
The Wechsler Scale
permanent computation of verbal & performance IQ’s
How do you calculate someones IQ
IQ= (MA/CA) x 100
practical intelligence
the ability to adapt to, shape, or select an environment to achieve goals
What is overregulation
a language developed phenomenon that occurs when children apply grammatical rules to irregular words
(using the word comed instead of came)
