Unit 2 Metabolism Flashcards
What is Metabolism? And what are the two types?
All biochemical reactions that take place within an organism
Catabolism: break down large molecules into smaller subunits (release energy)
Anabolism: make larger molecules from smaller subunits (requires energy)
What is describe as the ability to do work? And some examples
Energy (in J or Kcal)
Kinetic energy, potential energy
What are the two laws of thermodynamics?
First Law: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
Second Law: Universe favors reaction that increase entropy (ΔS > 0, positive)
What are enthalpy and entropy?
Enthalpy: The total energy contain of a substance ( ΔH the change of enthalpy)
Entropy: The amount of disorder in a system ( ΔS the change of enthalpy)
How to determine is a reaction exothermic or endothermic?
exothermic: ΔH < 0 (negative)
endothermic: ΔH > 0 (positive)
How is ATP releasing energy to a reaction?
Coupling Reaction: reaction that occurs at the same time to used the energy from ATP
How to determine is a reaction spontaneous?
Using the Gibbs free energy (ΔG = ΔH - TΔS)
If ΔG < 0, it is exergonic (spontaneous)
If ΔG > 0, it is endergonic (not spontaneous)
If ΔG = 0, it is equilibrium
Properties of ATP (why is it prefer to use ATP in our body)
- Small: easy to move in and out of the cell
- Water soluble: allow energy used in aqueous environment
- Contain intermediate bonds between phosphate group: enough for useful cellular reactions, and not get waste as heat
4.Release small amount of energy
- Easy to regenerate energy (recharge)
Where does glycolysis occurs in our cells? And how much Net product it generates?
Cytosol (2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2NADH)
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
preparation phase, pay-off phase
What is substate level phosphorylation?
A phosphate group is added from a molecule to ADP to form ATP (Both in glycolysis and citric acid cycle)
In which step does glycolysis produce NADH from NAD+?
Converting Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)
In which two step is ATP generated in glycolysis ? How many ATP is generated?
- converting 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) to 3-phosphoglyceate (3PG)
- Converting phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate
4 ATP is generated
Which two step uses ATP in glycolysis? How many ATP is used?
- converting glucose to glucose 6- phosphate
- Converting fructose 6-phsophate into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
2 ATP is used
What is the process of generating small amount of ATP in an anaerobic environment? What are some product of this process?
Fermentation (lactic acid, ethanol)
How does fermentation works?
Organisms oxidized NADH to NAD+ to restart glycolysis to generate ATP with low O2, In humans lactate will build up in our body and needs 6 ATP to go through gluconeogenesis to break down the lactate back into glucose (occurs in the liver)
Where does pyruvate oxidation occurs in our cells? And how much Net product it generates?
Mitochondrial matrix (2 acetyl COA, 2CO2, 2NADH)
What properties of the mitochondria supports the endosymbiotic relationship of eukaryotes and mitochondria?
- Mitochondria has there own DNA
- Can undergo binary fission
3, Have their own ribosome
Where does the citric acid cycle occurs in our cells? And how much Net product it generates?
Mitochondrial matrix (2 ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4 CO2)
In which step is ATP generated in Citric acid cycle? How many ATP is generated?
Converting from succinyl COA to succinate (2 ATP generate, 2 cycle per glucose)
(GDP+ Pi > GTP; ADP +Pi > ATP)
In which three step is NADH generated in Citric acid cycle? How many NADH is generated?
- isocitrate (C6) > α-ketoglutarate (C5)
- α-ketoglutarate (C5) > succinyl-COA (C4)
3.malate (C4) > oxaloacetate (C4)
6 NADH is generated
In which step is FADH2 generated in Citric acid cycle? How many FADH2 is generated?
from fumarate to malate
Where does the oxidative phosphorylation occurs in our cells? And how much Net product it generates?
inner mitochondrial membrane (34 ATP, 6H2O)
How is ATP being generated in Oxidative phosphorylation? Explain the steps and how e- is transferred?
Step 1: Complex I :NADH is oxidized to NAD+, 2e- is given and 4 H+ is pupped from the matrix to the inner membrane space
Step 2: Coenzyme Q
