Unit 2 - Metabolism

Question 1

How many steps are in Glycolysis?

Answer 1

10

Question 2

What is the purpose of glycolysis?

Answer 2

• To make pyruvate
• To make ATP

Question 3

How much net ATP is made in glycolysis?

Answer 3

2 net

Question 4

How much total ATP is made in glycolysis?

Answer 4

4 total

Question 5

What is substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 5

At various steps in the glycolytic pathway, a phosphate group is removed from a substrate molecule and combined with an ADP molecule to form ATP (Different from ATP synthase process because substrate level phosphorylation is reliant on using the energy obtained from a coupled reaction)

Question 6

ATP synthase and what it does (how it works)

Answer 6

Aka, Chemiosmosis
ATP synthase takes advantage of the proton gradient in order to produce ATP. The protons want to flow down its gradient (flow from high concentration to low concentration to form an equilibrium) so protons move down ATP synthase, catalysing the reaction between ADP + Pi to form ATP
The protons that were moved through ATP synthase back into the mitochondrial matrix are now waiting for complexes 1, 3, and 4 to become supercharged again and allow the cycle to continue.

Question 7

Step 1 of glycolysis

Answer 7

ATP gets added to glucose and turns into ADP. Glucose turns into Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 8

Step 2 of glycolysis

Answer 8

Glucose-6-phosphate rearranges into fructose-6-photsphate (F6P)

Question 9

Step 3 of glycolysis

Answer 9

Another ATP gets added to F6P and turns into ADP. F6P turns into fructose-1-6-biphosphate (F16BP)

Question 10

Step 4 of glycolysis

Answer 10

F16BP splits into G3P and DHAP

Question 11

Step 5 of glycolysis

Answer 11

DHAP rearranges into G3P

Question 12

Step 6 of glycolysis

Answer 12

2NAD+ turn the now 2 G3P into two 1,3BiPhosphoglycerate. 2NAD gets reduced into 2NADH

Question 13

Step 7 of glycolysis

Answer 13

2ADP gets added to the two 1,3Biphosphoglycerate and becomes 2ATP. The two 1,3biphosphoglycerate turns into two 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PG)

Question 14

Step 8 of glycolysis

Answer 14

two 3-PG rearranges into two 2-phosphoglycerate (2-PG)

Question 15

Step 9 of glycolysis

Answer 15

two 2-PG turns into two phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 16

Step 10 of glycolysis

Answer 16

2 ADP reacts with 2 phosphoenolpyruvate to form 2ATP and 2Pyruvate

Question 17

What is pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 17

• The step before the krebs cycle
• Pyruvate loses a carbon and hydrogen atom (using NAD+)
• Coenzyme-A attaches to the remaining atoms of pyruvate, becoming acetyl-CoA

Question 18

Step 1 of the krebs cycle

Answer 18

Acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate, it loses CoA and becomes citrate

Question 19

Step 2 of the krebs cycle

Answer 19

Citrate rearranges into isocitrate

Question 20

Step 3 of the krebs cycle

Answer 20

isocitrate loses a carbon via CO2. Isocitrate becomes oxidized via NAD+ (turns into NADH) and turns into alpha-ketogluterate

Question 21

Step 4 of the krebs cycle

Answer 21

Alpha-keotgluterateloses a carbon via CO2. Isocitrate becomes oxidized via NAD+ (turns into NADH) and turns into succinyl-CoA

Question 22

Step 5 of the krebs cycle

Answer 22

Succinyl-CoA loses a phosphate to GDP, turning into GTP, which reacts with ADP and turns that into ATP (GTP becomes GDP again, continuing the cycle). Succinyl-CoA turns into Succinate

Question 23

Step 6 of the krebs cycle

Answer 23

Succinate reacts with FAD, turning it into FADH2 and succinate turns into fumarate

Question 24

Step 7 of krebs cycle

Answer 24

Fumarate rearranges into malate

Question 25

Step 8 of the krebs cycle

Answer 25

Malate reacts with NAD+, turning into oxaloacetate. NADH waste is released