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Biology 12U - 2024 > Unit 2: Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2: Metabolic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

The Beginning of Cellular Respiration

Q: What is the main source of energy from a chocolate bar?

A

A chocolate bar is almost entirely made of sugar, which includes single sugars (monosaccharides like glucose) and double sugars (disaccharides like sucrose). All other sugars must be broken down into glucose before they can be used for energy.

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2
Q

ATP Overview

Q: What is ATP?

A

A: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the usable form of energy for the cell, created through cellular respiration.

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3
Q

Importance of Glucose

Q: Why is glucose important in cellular respiration?

A

A: Glucose contains an explosive amount of potential energy, which is converted into ATP through cellular respiration.

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4
Q

Key Organelle in Cellular Respiration

Q: What is the key organelle involved in cellular respiration?

A

A: The mitochondrion is the key organelle in cellular respiration.

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5
Q

Structure of the Mitochondrion

Q: Describe the structure of the mitochondrion.

A

A: The mitochondrion is a small, bean-shaped organelle with its own DNA and ribosomes, thought to have originated from bacteria (endosymbiosis theory). It has two membranes: an inner membrane with folds called cristae, and an outer membrane. The space between the membranes is called the intermembranous space, and the fluid inside the cristae is called the matrix.

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6
Q

Q: What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

A: The mitochondrion converts food energy into usable energy (ATP) through a series of controlled chemical reactions that require enzymes like ATP synthase.

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7
Q

Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration

Q: What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

A: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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8
Q

Steps of Cellular Respiration

Q: What are the three main steps of cellular respiration?

A

A:

1.	Glycolysis - occurs in the cytoplasm.
2.	Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) - occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
3.	Electron Transport Chain - occurs across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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9
Q

Glycolysis Location

Q: Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

A

A: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

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10
Q

Krebs Cycle Location

Q: Where does the Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) occur?

A

A: The Krebs Cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.

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11
Q

Electron Transport Chain Location

Q: Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

A: The Electron Transport Chain occurs across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

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12
Q

Importance of NADH and FADH2

Q: What role do NADH and FADH2 play in cellular respiration?

A

A: NADH and FADH2 are important energy carrier molecules involved in cellular respiration. They transport high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.

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13
Q

Flashcard 1: ATP Production Methods

Q: What are the two ways ATP can be produced?

A

A:
1. Substrate Level Phosphorylation - SIMPLE
2. Oxidative Phosphorylation - COMPLEX

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14
Q

Flashcard 2: ATP Yield in the Body

Q: How much ATP is typically produced in the human body?

A

A: 32-38 ATP molecules.

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15
Q

Flashcard 3: Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Q: What is Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

A

A: A simple process where ATP is generated directly in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. A phosphate-containing compound transfers a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.

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16
Q

Flashcard 4: Energy Characteristics of Substrate Level Phosphorylation

Q: What are the energy characteristics of Substrate Level Phosphorylation?

A

A:

•	Formation of ATP is endergonic (requires energy).
•	Coupled with an exergonic reaction (releases energy).
•	The energy released from the exergonic reaction is greater than the energy needed for ATP production.
17
Q

Flashcard 5: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Q: What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

A: A complex process where ATP is generated through a diffusion force (chemiosmosis) facilitated by transmembrane proteins that pump protons across a membrane.

18
Q

Flashcard 6: Chemiosmotic Mechanism in Oxidative Phosphorylation

Q: How does chemiosmosis work in Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

A:

1.	Proton pumping proteins use excited electrons to move protons across the membrane.
2.	High proton concentration on one side creates a gradient.
3.	Protons diffuse back through special channels, generating energy that converts ADP + Pi into ATP.
19
Q

Flashcard 7: Role of Oxygen in Oxidative Phosphorylation

Q: Why is it called Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

A: Because oxygen is the final electron acceptor, which helps establish the H+ concentration gradient for ATP production.

20
Q

Flashcard 8: Evolution of ATP Production

Q: Which ATP production method is more primitive and likely evolved first?

A

A: Substrate Level Phosphorylation is the most basic method and is present in every living cell.

21
Q

Flashcard 9: Major Source of ATP in Cells

Q: Which method produces the majority of ATP in cells?

A

A: The majority of ATP is produced by Oxidative Phosphorylation.

22
Q

Flashcard 10: Sources of Electrons for Proton Pumping

Q: Where do the electrons for the proton pumping channels come from?

A

A:

1.	Chemical Bonds: Electrons are extracted from chemical bonds in all organisms.
2.	Light: In photosynthetic organisms, light excites electrons to drive proton pumps.
23
Q

Flashcard 11: Glycolysis Overview

Q: What is Glycolysis and where does it occur?

A

A: Glycolysis is the process of breaking down glucose into pyruvate, occurring in the cytoplasm.

24
Q

Flashcard 12: Glycolysis Chemical Equation

Q: What is the overall chemical reaction for Glycolysis?

A
25
Q

Flashcard 13: Glycolysis Energy Tally

Q: What is the net energy yield from Glycolysis?

A

A:

•	4 ATP produced
•	2 ATP used
•	Net: 2 ATP produced and 2 NADH
26
Q

Flashcard 14: Step 1 of Glycolysis

Q: What happens in Step 1 of Glycolysis?

A

A: Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate using a phosphate from ATP.

27
Q

Flashcard 15: Step 4 of Glycolysis

Q: What occurs in Step 4 of Glycolysis?

A

A: The enzyme aldolase cleaves glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or PGAL).

28
Q

Flashcard 16: Pyruvate Oxidation

Q: What is the overall chemical equation for Pyruvate Oxidation?

A
29
Q

Flashcard 17: Steps in Pyruvate Oxidation

Q: What occurs during Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

A: Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, is decarboxylated (removal of carbon), and converted to Acetyl-CoA.

30
Q

Krebs Cycle Overview

Q: Where does the Krebs Cycle occur and what is its purpose?

A

A: It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and further breaks down Acetyl-CoA to produce NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

31
Q

Steps of the Krebs Cycle

Q: What are the energy products per molecule of glucose in the Krebs Cycle?

A

A:

•	6 NADH
•	2 FADH2
•	2 ATP
32
Q

Chemical Reaction for the Krebs Cycle

Q: What is the overall chemical reaction for the Krebs Cycle?

A
33
Q

Chemical Reaction for the Krebs Cycle

Q: What is the overall chemical reaction for the Krebs Cycle?

A
34
Q

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Q: Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

A: Along the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane.

35
Q

Role of Electron Transport Chain

Q: What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

A: NADH and FADH2 donate electrons, which pass through protein complexes. The energy from this process pumps protons to create a gradient, ultimately producing ATP.

36
Q

Role of Electron Transport Chain

Q: What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

A: NADH and FADH2 donate electrons, which pass through protein complexes. The energy from this process pumps protons to create a gradient, ultimately producing ATP.

37
Q

Final Electron Acceptor in the ETC

Q: What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

A: Oxygen, which combines with protons and electrons to form water.

38
Q

Energy Yield from Cellular Respiration

Q: What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose after cellular respiration?

A

A: Approximately 32-38 ATP molecules.

Biology 12U - 2024 (2 decks)

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