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Biology - SBI4U1 > Unit 2 - Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Metabolic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

metabolism

A

catabolic and anabolic processes in a cell or organism

  • catabolism: breakdown of molecules (e.g. starch→glucose→CO2 + H2O
  • anabolism: building up of molecules (e.g. amino acids→proteins)
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2
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only be converted from one form to another.

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3
Q

bond energy

A

the minimum amount of energy require to break one mole of bonds

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4
Q

exothermic reactions

A
  • energy is released
  • ΔH = negative
  • increase in temperature of the solution
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5
Q

endothermic reactions

A
  • energy is absorbed
  • ΔH = positive
  • decrease in temperature of the solution
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6
Q

enthalpy

A

measurement of heat (ΔH)

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7
Q

entropy

A
  • measurement of randomness in energy (ΔS)
  • as entropy increases, chaos increases
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8
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

Over time, entropy increases (ΔSuniverse > 0).

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9
Q

free energy

A
  • a.k.a. Gibbs Free Energy
  • measurement of energy that can do useful work (ΔG)
  • if ΔG = 0, the reaction is in equilibrium
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10
Q

exergonic reactions

A
  • spontaneous (ΔG = negative)
  • tend to be exothermic
  • e.g. explosions
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11
Q

endergonic reactions

A
  • non-spontaneous (ΔG = positive)
  • tend to be endothermic
  • e.g. photosynthesis
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12
Q

REDOX agents

A

molecules that facilitate energy transfer

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13
Q

endosymbiotic theory

A
  • mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes
  • proof of this is in its double membrane and its own DNA/RNA (i.e. mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA))
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14
Q

cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2→ CO2 + H2O

  • can be anaerobic (no O2 required) or aerobic (O2 required)
  • exergonic
  • exothermic
  • energy is released or stored as ATP
  • made up of four stages:
  1. glycolysis
  2. pyruvate oxidation
  3. Krebs cycle
  4. electron transfer and chemiosmosis
  • prokaryotes only undergo glycolysis
  • eukaryotes undergo all four stages
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15
Q

POOPY I POOPY DING-DONG PROPER POOPY I CAN’T POOPY

glycolysis

A
  • anaerobic
  • occurs in cytosol
  • biochemical pathway made up of 10 reactions:
    1. phosphorylation
    2. isomerization
    3. phosphorylation
    4. decomposition
    5. decomposition
    6. phosphorylation + REDOX
    7. phosphorylation
    8. isomerization
    9. condensation
    10. phosphorylation

major products/glucose:

  • 2 net ATP
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
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16
Q

pyruvate oxidation

A
  • occurs in intermembrane space
  • reaction is doubled (2 pyruvate/glucose)
  • biochemical pathway made up of 3 reactions:
    1. decarboxylation
    2. REDOX
    3. synthesis

major products/glucose:

  • 2 CO2
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 acetyl-CoA
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17
Q

Krebs cycle

A
  • occurs in matrix
  • reaction is doubled (2 acetyl-CoA/glucose)
  • cyclical biochemical pathway made up of 8 reactions:
    1. synthesis
    2. isomerization
    3. decarboxylation + REDOX
    4. decarboxylation + REDOX + synthesis
    5. decomposition + indirect phosphorylation
    6. REDOX
    7. hydration
    8. REDOX

major products/glucose:

  • 6 NADH
  • 4 CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 FADH2
18
Q

DIG UNDER BIG COWS ONCE CONNOR, OK?

electron transport chain
(ETC)

A
  • occurs in intermembrane space
  • electron transfer and pumping of H+ from matrix into intermembrane space via cytochromes, and then through ATPase complexes to innermembrane space
  • biochemical pathway made up of 5 cytochromes:
    1. NADH dehydrogenase
    2. ubiquinone (Q)
    3. cytochrome b-c1 complex
    4. cytochrome C (C)
    5. cytochrome oxidase complex
  • final product is sweat (H+ + e- = H2O)

NADH → 3 H+
FADH2 (and NADH from glycolysis) → 2 H+

19
Q

chemiosmosis

A
  • establishment of chemiosmotic gradient; electrochemical potential
  • H+ synthesizes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (1 H+ = 1 ATP)
20
Q

factors that affect ATP synthesis

A

1. O2 availability

  • O2 depletion
  • e.g. coronary heart disorder, ischemia

2. glucose availability

  • source of NADH and electrons

3. metabolic genetic disorders

  • e.g. non-functional cytochromes

4. exposure to toxins, poisons, etc.

  • e.g. cyanide binds with cytochromes

5. membreane permeability to NADH/FADH2, or H+

21
Q

total theoretical yield of ATP

A

2 net ATP (glycolysis) + 2 ATP (Krebs cycle) + 32 ATP (ETC and chemiosmosis) = 36 ATP

22
Q

total experimental yield of ATP

A

34 ATP

23
Q

regulation of cellular respiration

A
  1. more ATP inhibits phosphofructokinase
  2. more ADP activates phosphofructokinase
  3. less citrate activates phosphofructokinase
  4. more NADH inhibits pyruvate decarboxylase
24
Q

alcohol fermentation

A
  • found in bread-making (yeast) and wine-making
    1. glycolysis
    2. 2 pyruvate → CO2 + 2 acetaldehyde
    3. 2 acetaldehyde → 2 ethanol

major products/glucose

  • 2 ATP
  • 2 CO2
  • 2 ethanol (EtOH)
25
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A
  • found in muscle cells
    1. glycolysis
    2. 2 pyruvate → 2 lactate

major products/glucose:

  • 2 lactate
  • 2 ATP

strenuous activty can cause a lactate buildup

26
Q

deanimation

A

removal of an amino group from a molecule

27
Q

β-oxidation

A

process by which fatty acids are broken down two carbons at a time into acetyl-CoA molecules, and vice versa

28
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

process by which glucose molecules are formed from 2 glycerol, and vice versa

29
Q

α-ketoglutarate

A
  • inversely proportional with proteins (more α-ketoglutarate = less protein, and vice versa)
  • marker for diagnosing neurological conditions in newborns
30
Q

photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O→ C6H12O6 + 6O2

  • synthesis of glucose using light, H2O from the soil, and CO2 from the atomsphere
  • endergonic
  • endothermic
31
Q

chlorophyll

A

a pigment made up of a porphyrin ring and phytol chain

poryphrin ring

  • has a metal cation in the middle, and an R-group (CH3 group means chlorophyll a; COH group means chlorophyll b)
  • like the heme group in hemoglobin (which contains Fe instead)

phytol chain

  • hydrophobic
  • helps anchor chlorophyll molecule
32
Q

molecular control of stomatal opening

A

usually during the daytime

  1. Photons activate H+ receptors found in the guard cell membrane; subsequent H+ efflux.
  2. K+ influx to compensate for ionic differences.
  3. H2 enters guard cells, via osmosis.
  4. Guard cells become turgid; stoma opens.
33
Q

molecular control of stomatal closing

A

usually during the nightime

  1. H+ receptors found in the guard cell membrane deactivate; subsequent H+ influx.
  2. K+ efflux to compensate for ionic differences.
  3. H2O exits guard cells, via osmosis.
  4. Guard cells become flaccid; stoma closes.
34
Q

PETER PIPER BUNDLED 6 PICKLES PEPPERS FOR RICK

light-dependent reactions

A
  • electron transfer and pumping of H+ from stroma into thylakoid lumen via cytochromes, and then through ATPase complexes to thylakoid membrane
  • either non-cyclic (photosystem I and II), or cyclic (photosystem l; more ATP used)
  • biochemical pathway made up of 7 cytochromes:

water splitting enzyme performs photolysis (H2O → 2H+ + 1/2O2 + 2e+, and then…
1. photosystem II (P680)
2. plastoquinone (PQ)
3. cytochrome b6-f complex
4. plastocyanin (Pc)
5. photosystem I (P700)
6. ferredoxin (Fd)
7. NADP reductase

major reactants:

  • H2O
  • NADP+
  • ADP

major products:

  • O2
  • ATP
  • NADPH
35
Q

light-independent reactions

A
  • biochemical pathway made up of 3 phases:
    1. carbon fixation (synthesis)
    2. reduction reactions (phosphorylation, REDOX, dephosphorylation)
    3. regeneration of RuBP (regeneration)

major reactants:

  • CO2
  • ATP
  • NADPH

major products:

  • G3P (either glucose used for cell walls or cellular respiration, starch stored in amyloplasts, or sucrose used for cellular respiration or transported to other parts of the plant via translocation)
  • NADP+
  • ADP
36
Q

chromatography

A

technique used to separate molecules (e.g. pigments)

37
Q

Rf equation

A

Rf = distance travelled by pigment/distance travelled by solvent

38
Q

chromatographic polarities

A

if the solvent is polar, the further the pigment travels, the more polar, and vice versa (like dissolves like)

39
Q

factors affecting successful chromatographic separation

A
  • sufficient sample concentration
  • different polarities of sample fragments
  • sufficient sample amount
40
Q

types of photosynthesis

A

C3 (found in temperate climates)

C4 (found in hot, dry climates)

  • additional ATP needed

C.A.M. (found in arid, desert-like biomes)

  • additional ATP needed
41
Q

photorespiration

A
  • the process in which O2 is binded to RuBP via rubisco instead of CO2; causing only one PGA to form
  • reduces efficiency, and promotes water loss
42
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A
  1. CO2 is fixed by synthesis with PEP, via PEP carboxylase, to form oxaloacetate (OAA) in the mesophyll cells.
  2. OAA becomes malate, and is transported into the bundle-sheath cells.
  3. Malate is decarboxylated and becomes pyruvate; carbon dioxide enters Calvin cycle.
  4. Pyruvate is transported back into the mesophyll cells, is phosphorated, and becomes PEP.

Biology - SBI4U1 (5 decks)

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