Unit 2 Metabolic Processes Flashcards
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed
Kinetic Energy
Energy from moving objects
Potential Energy
Energy that is stored typically in the bonds of molecules
Bond Energy
Minimum amount of energy needed to break a bond
-measured: kJ/mol
Activation Energy
Minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction
Transition State
A state where molecules are neither a substrate or product
Exothermic Reaction
Chemical rxn where products have less potential energy than reactants
-rxn releases energy
Endothermic Reaction
Chemical rxn where products have more potential energy than reactants
-rxn absorbs energy
Second Law of Thermodynamics
In every reaction some of the energy in the system becomes unusable and increases the entropy of the universe.
Spontaneous Change
Change that continues to happen on its own after an event
Free Energy
Energy that can be used by a system without external input or cost
Exergonic Reaction
Releases free energy
-does occur spontaneously
-ΔG-
Endergonic Reaction
Absrobs free energy
-does not occur spontaneously
-ΔG+
Gibbs Free Energy
Energy in rxn that is not lost to the environment and is available to do work
-ΔG = G(final state) – G(initial state)
Work
The transfer of energy from one body place to another
Catabolic Pathway
The breaking down of complex molecules into simple ones
-release energy
Anabolic Pathway
Creates molecules for growth and other processes
-Uses energy
Phosphorylation
The attachment of a phosphate group to another organic molecule using ATP
ATP cycle
-ATP+ H2O (exergonic rxn hydrolyzing ATP that releases energy for endergonic rxn in cells)
-ADP+Pi (exergonic rxn that releases energy to produce ATP through endergonic rxns)
-H2O is removed
ATP molecule
Adenine (a nitrogenous base)
Ribose
Chain of 3 phosphate groups
ATP uses
ATP is a chemical compound that cells use as their
major source of energy.
ATP powers nearly all cellular function.
ATP is a molecule that contains a large amount of
free energy.
ATP Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction that breaks phosphate groups.
Regerating ATP -> ATP Synthesis
endergonic reaction and requires
energy to occur
O bonds
-high electronegativity so electrons cannot move as freely
-lower energy due to breaking O bonds take a lot of energy
C-H bonds
-glucose carbohydrate containing lots of C-H bonds.
-can release a lot of energy due to electrons moving freely
Oxidation
Oxidation is when an atom or molecule loses an electron in a reaction
The atom or molecule that gains the electron is referred to as the oxidizing agent.
Reduction
Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule gains an electron in a chemical reaction.
The atom or molecule that loses the electron is called the reducing agent
Oxidization of Fuels
When an atom is oxidized, it releases energy.
Rapid Combustion
The burning of fuels in one step
-a lot of waste thermal energy is released
Controlled Oxidation
The burning of fuels in multiple steps
-losses less thermal energy
Dehydrogenases
Enzymes that oxidizes food molecules and transfers hydrogen ions to an acceptor
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-used as energy carrier molecule typically in most coenzymes
Enthalpy
Overall change of energy in a chemical reaction
Entropy
-how to increase
-definition
-Measure of randomness and disorder in a collection of objects
- Solids react tp form a liquid or gaseous product, liquid react to form gaseous product, # of molecules in products is greater than # of molecules in reactants
