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Onatrio University Biology > Unit 2 Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2 Metabolic Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred or transformed but not created or destroyed

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2
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy from moving objects

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3
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy that is stored typically in the bonds of molecules

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4
Q

Bond Energy

A

Minimum amount of energy needed to break a bond
-measured: kJ/mol

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5
Q

Activation Energy

A

Minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction

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6
Q

Transition State

A

A state where molecules are neither a substrate or product

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7
Q

Exothermic Reaction

A

Chemical rxn where products have less potential energy than reactants
-rxn releases energy

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8
Q

Endothermic Reaction

A

Chemical rxn where products have more potential energy than reactants
-rxn absorbs energy

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9
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

In every reaction some of the energy in the system becomes unusable and increases the entropy of the universe.

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10
Q

Spontaneous Change

A

Change that continues to happen on its own after an event

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11
Q

Free Energy

A

Energy that can be used by a system without external input or cost

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12
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

Releases free energy
-does occur spontaneously
-ΔG-

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13
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Absrobs free energy
-does not occur spontaneously
-ΔG+

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14
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

Energy in rxn that is not lost to the environment and is available to do work
-ΔG = G(final state) – G(initial state)

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15
Q

Work

A

The transfer of energy from one body place to another

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16
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

The breaking down of complex molecules into simple ones
-release energy

17
Q

Anabolic Pathway

A

Creates molecules for growth and other processes
-Uses energy

18
Q

Phosphorylation

A

The attachment of a phosphate group to another organic molecule using ATP

19
Q

ATP cycle

A

-ATP+ H2O (exergonic rxn hydrolyzing ATP that releases energy for endergonic rxn in cells)
-ADP+Pi (exergonic rxn that releases energy to produce ATP through endergonic rxns)
-H2O is removed

20
Q

ATP molecule

A

Adenine (a nitrogenous base)

Ribose

Chain of 3 phosphate groups

21
Q

ATP uses

A

ATP is a chemical compound that cells use as their
major source of energy.

ATP powers nearly all cellular function.

ATP is a molecule that contains a large amount of
free energy.

22
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

Chemical reaction that breaks phosphate groups.

23
Q

Regerating ATP -> ATP Synthesis

A

endergonic reaction and requires
energy to occur

24
Q

O bonds

A

-high electronegativity so electrons cannot move as freely
-lower energy due to breaking O bonds take a lot of energy

25
Q

C-H bonds

A

-glucose carbohydrate containing lots of C-H bonds.
-can release a lot of energy due to electrons moving freely

26
Q

Oxidation

A

Oxidation is when an atom or molecule loses an electron in a reaction

The atom or molecule that gains the electron is referred to as the oxidizing agent.

27
Q

Reduction

A

Reduction occurs when an atom or molecule gains an electron in a chemical reaction.

The atom or molecule that loses the electron is called the reducing agent

28
Q

Oxidization of Fuels

A

When an atom is oxidized, it releases energy.

29
Q

Rapid Combustion

A

The burning of fuels in one step
-a lot of waste thermal energy is released

30
Q

Controlled Oxidation

A

The burning of fuels in multiple steps
-losses less thermal energy

31
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

Enzymes that oxidizes food molecules and transfers hydrogen ions to an acceptor

32
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-used as energy carrier molecule typically in most coenzymes

33
Q

Enthalpy

A

Overall change of energy in a chemical reaction

34
Q

Entropy
-how to increase
-definition

A

-Measure of randomness and disorder in a collection of objects
- Solids react tp form a liquid or gaseous product, liquid react to form gaseous product, # of molecules in products is greater than # of molecules in reactants

Onatrio University Biology (2 decks)

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