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Cognitive Psychology 1 > Unit 2 - Memory > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory

A

explains how we acquire, retain, and recall information

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2
Q

what is short term memory

A

the ability to remember events in the last 15 seconds

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3
Q

how long do we hold information in short term memory

A

15-30 seconds

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4
Q

how many items can we remember in STM

A

7 plus or minus 2

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5
Q

example of good short term memory

A

a person hears a phone number read aloud and can repeat it back accurately after hearing it just once

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6
Q

what does poor short term memory indicate

A

that a person has trouble retaining information in mind

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7
Q

what is working memory

A

refers to the ability to actively manipulate items in STM

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8
Q

working memory example

A

if a person tells you a sequence of numbers, instead of just repeating them like in a test of STM, you would be expected to repeat them in reverse order as a WM test

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9
Q

real life application of working memory

A

mental maths (manipulating numbers in your head)

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10
Q

what activities does working memory allow

A

reasoning, learning, comprehension

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11
Q

which disorder indicates a heavily impaired STM

A

Alzheimers

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12
Q

what is chunking

A

combining a number of items into a single chunk, to enhance remembering

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13
Q

what is phonological loop

A

responsible for temporary storage

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14
Q

two parts of phonological loop

A
  1. phonological store (inner ear)
  2. articulatory rehearsal process (inner voice)
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15
Q

what is phonological store

A

temporarily holds speech based information. it retains auditory information for about 1-2 seconds

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16
Q

what is articulatory rehearsal process

A

involves the active repetition of verbal information to keep it in working memory

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17
Q

example of phonological store

A

as you listen to phone number being repeated, phonological store allows you to retain information long enough to write it down

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18
Q

example of articulatory rehearsal process

A

to keep the number from fading from your memory you may repeat it in your head

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19
Q

why is rehearsal important

A

if we don’t rehearse the information, it won’t be stored into long term memory

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20
Q

what does rehearsal do

A

it strengthens neural networks, making content easier to recall later

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21
Q

what is maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating the information over and over, either verbally or in your head

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22
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

re organising new information in a meaningful way (e.g. creating rhymes or visual images)

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23
Q

what is encoding

A

how objects and events become represented in memory

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24
Q

what does deeper processing mean for memory

A

creates stronger memories which are remembered better

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25
Q

what are the three processes of memory

A
  1. registration
  2. storage
  3. retrieval
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26
Q

what is implicit learning

A

learning without conscious awareness

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27
Q

types of long term memory

A
  • declarative (explicit)
  • non-declarative (implicit)
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28
Q

what is episodic memory

A

the ability to remember events from your life, including details such as date and time

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29
Q

what is semantic memory

A

storage of general knowledge and facts which are not linked to specific events

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30
Q

what is declarative memory

A

explicit memory includes the conscious recall of facts and events (episodic and semantic memory)

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31
Q

what is non-declarative memory

A

implicit memory involves remembering skills and habits, often unconsciously remembered

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32
Q

what is priming memory

A

when seeing or hearing something makes it easier to remember later on, unconsciously

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33
Q

what is procedural memory

A

helps you remember how to perform tasks without thinking about it (e.g. riding a bike)

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34
Q

what is the modal model (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968) of memory

A

describes memory of consisting of three stages, which information linearly flows through

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35
Q

what are the three types of memory according to the modal model

A
  1. sensory memory
  2. short term memory
  3. long term memory
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36
Q

what is sensory memory

A

the initial stage of memory which holds sensory information such as sights and sounds

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37
Q

how long does sensory memory hold information

A

less than a second

38
Q

what is the dual task paradigm

A

research methods which requires participants to complete two tasks simultaneously

39
Q

what type of amnesia does Clive Wearing have

A

both retrograde and anterograde amnesia

40
Q

what is retrograde amnesia

A

affects the ability to recall past memories

41
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

prevents from forming new memories

42
Q

how is Clive wearings memory span affected

A

he has a very short memory span, of about 7 to 30 seconds

43
Q

who is patient k.f.

A

suffered brain injuries after a motorbike accident which caused significant memory impairments

44
Q

what memory deficits did k.f. display

A

severe impairment in STM, verbal information. his long term memory was intact

45
Q

what is millers law

A

proposes that a person can hold 7 plus or minus two items in STM

46
Q

what is chunking

A

improving memory by grouping items into larger chunks, to remember more

47
Q

what is word length effect

A

people tend to remember shorter words better

48
Q

what is (Ebbinghaus, 1885) forgetting curve

A

how information is lost over time if there is no attempt to retain it

49
Q

what are nonsense syllables

A

meaningless combinations of letters such as DAX or JEF

50
Q

what did Ebbinghaus find about relearning

A

he found that it is easier to relearn old information than to learn new information

51
Q

what is everyday memory

A
  1. autobiographical memory
  2. prospective memory
  3. eyewitness memory
52
Q

what is autobiographical memory

A

LTM for events of ones own life, but not the same as episodic memory

53
Q

what is autobiographical memory responsible for

A
  1. flashbulb memories
  2. childhood amnesia
  3. reminiscence bump
54
Q

what are flashbulb memories

A

detailed and vidvid long lasting memories for important and dramatic life events

55
Q

what mood disorder is a form of flashbulb memories

A

PTSD

56
Q

what is childhood amnesia

A

adults report few memories before age 3

57
Q

what is reminiscence bump

A

memories from adolescence or early childhood are recalled best

58
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future

59
Q

two types of prospective memory

A
  1. event based
  2. time based
60
Q

what mood disorder can be related to poor prospective memory and poor inhibitory control

A

OCD

61
Q

what is eyewitness memory

A

the recall of events by individuals who have witnessed them

62
Q

example of eyewitness memory

A

a person who witnesses a robbery and when they get asked to describe the robber the witness might remember details such as the robbers clothing and height but if shown a misleading photo lineup may identify an innocent as the robber

63
Q

what is false memory

A

distorted recollection of an event that did not occur or was remembered inaccurately

64
Q

what is amnesia

A

severe long term memory impairment - usually episodic memory

65
Q

what is Alzheimers

A

severe deficit in episodic memory

66
Q

what does Badderleys working memory model consist of

A
  1. central executive
  2. phonological loop
  3. visuospatial sketchpad
  4. episodic buffer
67
Q

what is the central executive

A

responsible for coordinating and managing different components of WM

68
Q

what is episodic buffer

A

integrates information from phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM into a single episode

69
Q

what is visuospatial sketchpad

A

handles visual and spatial information, allowing us to manipulate images and navigate through space

70
Q

what is the two stage theory (Jack & Hayne, 2010)

A

suggests that memory retrieval involves two distinct processes

71
Q

what are the two stages of memory retrieval

A
  1. encoding stage
  2. retrieval stage
72
Q

what is the encoding stage

A

where information is processed and stored

73
Q

what is the retrieval stage

A

where individuals recall or recognise stored information

74
Q

what is the life script theory

A

suggests that people have a mental guide of important life events such as getting married or graduating

75
Q

how does two stage theory explain remembering

A

remembering requires proper encoding and ability to retrieve it

76
Q

what is the life script theory (Rubin & Berntsen, 2003)

A

suggests that people have a mental guide of important life events

77
Q

example of the life script theory

A

the common expectation that people will graduate from high school in their late teens, go to college, start a career in their early twenties, get married in their late twenties to early thirties, and have children shortly afterward.

78
Q

what is autobiographical memory according to Conway (2005)

A

explains how people store and recall personal memories

79
Q

what is the multi process theory

A

suggests that memory involves different processes and systems for storing and recalling various types of memories

80
Q

what types of memories are included in the multi process theory

A
  1. episodic memory
  2. semantic memory
  3. procedural memory
81
Q

what factors influence memory according to the multi process theory

A
  • context
  • attention
  • emotions
82
Q

(T or F) Human memory works like a video camera, accurately recording the events we see and hear so that we can review and inspect them later.

A

False

83
Q

T or F People suffering from amnesia are unable to learn anything new.

A

True

84
Q

T or F Memory can be localised to different regions of the brain.

A

True

85
Q

T or F Memories of extreme events are imprinted in our minds (i.e. “flashbulb memories”), never to be forgotten.

A

False

86
Q

T or F Long-term memory is infinite.

A

T

87
Q
A
88
Q

T or F Hypnosis can help retrieve forgotten memories.

A

F

89
Q

T or F some people have photographic memories.

A

F

90
Q

T or F People suffering from amnesia typically cannot recall their own name or identity.

A

False

91
Q

T or F Most forgetting happens immediately after the event

A

True

Cognitive Psychology 1 (3 decks)

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