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Philosophy > Unit 2: LOGIC AND REASONING > Flashcards

Unit 2: LOGIC AND REASONING Flashcards

1
Q

LOGIC

A

the study of how we reason

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2
Q

Formal Logic

A

studies of the principles that set apart good reasoning and arguments from the bad

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3
Q

Informal Logic (Critical Thinking)

A

Looks at the reasoning people use in everyday life and why they think/reason that way

  • Why do politicians say certain things
  • What arguments do businessmen use and how is that used to persuade people?
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4
Q

Reasoning

A

The process of giving reasons in support of an idea or action
-The process of forming conclusions, judgments, and inferences from facts and premises

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5
Q

Argument

A

The use of one or more reasons to support an idea

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6
Q

Premises

A

An assumption that something is true

-An argument always has at least 2 premises and a conclusion

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7
Q

Conclusion

A

Declarative sentence or position

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8
Q

Inference

A

Using existing information to form new information

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9
Q

Logical Fallacies

A

A misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning
-The concept of making an error in terms of reasoning. It is crucial to understand them and avoid them so the mistake is not made during persuasion

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10
Q

Proposition

A

A statement that can be either true or false

-It’s 5 pm. He left his room.

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11
Q

3 main laws of formal contradiction

A
  • Identity
  • Non-contradiction
  • Excluding Middle
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12
Q

Law #1

A
  • Law of Identity
  • Something is that of which it is
  • Things cannot have more than 1 identity
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13
Q

Law #2

A
  • Non-Contradiction

- A proposition cannot be true and false at the same time

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14
Q

Law #3

A
  • Exclude middle
  • A position must be true OR false with no middle ground
  • As long as terms are defined (law of Identity) then there is no middle ground
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15
Q

Occam’s Razor

A
  • With all things being equal, it is usually the simplest conclusion that is typically the right answer
  • Arguments with the fewest assumptions are typically right
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16
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A
  • Reasons from specific to general
  • Notices many facts and comes to a general conclusion
  • No certainty possible
  • EXCEPTION TO THE CONCLUSION
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17
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A
  • Reasoning from general to specific
  • Starts with a hypothesis and inserts a fact and comes to conclusion based on the hypothesis
  • Certainly can be possible if the valid and true syllogism
  • NO EXCEPTION TO CONCLUSION
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18
Q

Syllogism

A

-Applies deductive reasoning to an argument to arrive at a conclusion based on 2 or more propositions

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19
Q

Invalid Syllogism

A

-The problem in the order of the premises

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20
Q

False Syllogism

A

-Problem with the major premises

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21
Q

Modus Pronens

A
  • If A then B,
  • A
  • Therefore B
  • In the spring, birds are chirping
  • The birds are chirping
  • Therefore it is spring
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22
Q

Modus Tollen

A
  • If A then B
  • Not A
  • Therefore, not B
  • If it’s spring, then the birds are chirping
  • the birds aren’t Chirping
  • Therefore, not spring
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23
Q

Hypothetical Syllogism

A
  • If A then B
  • If B then C
  • Then A is C
  • If we developed nuclear fusion power, then electricity would be cheaper
  • If power becomes cheap and plentiful then the economy will benefit
  • If we develop nuclear Fusion power, the economy will benefit
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24
Q

Disjunctive Reasoning

A
  • A or B
  • Not A
  • B
  • Either Romney won in 2012 or Obama
  • Romney didn’t win
  • Obama did
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25
Q

Conspirism

A
  • Based on paranoia
  • A type of disorder in which it takes healthy scepticism and turns it into hardened suspicion and outside views seem malicious
26
Q

Suspicions

A
  • A feeling or thought that something is possible usually towards a certain group of people
  • Immigrants
  • People of Colour
  • Different Religious groups
27
Q

Conspiracy Theory

A
  • unsubstantial allegations of a conspiracy
  • Competes with a more plausible explanations
  • Assumes deception and misinformation
28
Q

Why do people believe in conspiracies

A

-Conspiracy-thinking helps more people deal with their own lack of information, empowering people to feel like they have the actual answers

29
Q

Physocilogical Explanation for why?

A
  • Structure of beliefs
  • Demographic
  • Personality
  • Cognitive Bias
30
Q

Structure of Beliefs

A

-If a person accepts one conspiracy theory, they will likely accept all since they are all connected

31
Q

Demographic

A
  • who believes in the conspiracies
  • Age?
  • Sex?
  • income?
  • Education?
32
Q

Personality

A

Who believes in conspiracies?

  • Paranoia?
  • Powerlessness?
  • Openness?
33
Q

Cognitive Biases

A
  • we come to the conclusions we reach mainly by following our intuitions and the things that we already have an understanding or belief of
34
Q

4 cognitive Biases that make conspiracy theories possible

A
  • Proportionality Biases
  • Patternicity
  • Projection Biases
  • Conformation Baises
35
Q

Proportionality biases

A

Big events have big causes

36
Q

Patternicity

A

Finding meaningful patterns in inexact stimuli

37
Q

Projection Bises

A

the assumption that people think and act in the same way as “i” do

38
Q

Confirmation Bias

A
  • seeking information or opinions that confirm the beliefs you already have
39
Q

Relevance

A

Have value on the matter at hand

40
Q

Empirical Value

A

information that can be verified or obtained through a sense of judgement that can be verified through further observation rather than a personal opinion

41
Q

Biases

A

having a certain view on politics, people, religion and many other topics that can be caused by your upbringing and other personal factors

42
Q

Reliability

A

information and sources that can be judged to be trusted due to varying levels of degrees and credibility

  • Examine a sources credentials
  • Examine a sources past information
  • Examines a sources reputation
43
Q

Ad hominem

A

A logical fallacies known as the personal attack which is when one argues criticises the other based on something personal that has nothing to do with the argument

-“why would I listen to yours? you’re a Republican”

44
Q

Guilt by Association

A

the assumption that people will act a certain way because of the people or objects around them

“don’t trust Hailey with money, her mom was arrested for robbery last year.”

45
Q

Strawman

A

Attacking an argument or position that your opponent does not hold and then saying that their argument is wrong

46
Q

Post Hoc

A
  • “After this, therefore because of this”
  • Assuming that A preceded B, then A must have caused B
  • Karma: you were gossiping about someone and later that day your car broke down.
47
Q

Hasty conclusions / generalization

A
  • Jumping to a conclusion with no real evidence
  • Josh is vegan therefor josh loves animals
  • Stereotype
48
Q

Inconsistency

A

-an inconsistent argument is one that has an exception so it can be either true or false

49
Q

false dichotomy

A

-when you are only given 2 options to rebut the argument when the reality is that there are many more

50
Q

Glittery Generality

A
  • gives no detail whatsoever

- General statement surrounded by emotional or glittery words

51
Q

Card staking

A

an argument with no real evidence to back it and only show the evidence that agrees with the argument and none that goes against

52
Q

argument for Authority

A

when an argument is made by someone who doesn’t have the legitimate authority to talk on the topic
-just because you watch Dr.phil doesn’t mean you can diagnose people

53
Q

Bandwagon

A

use popularity or popular opinion as a reason to do something

54
Q

Slippery slope

A

forecasting a series of events that will happen (usually unfortunate ones) if the first step in the process is taken

55
Q

Red herring

A

bringing up a side issue that takes away focus from the real on

-We can’t worry about the environment we are at war

56
Q

Circular reasoning

A

promising support for your cliam but providing none

57
Q

Self contradiction

A

using 2 premises that can not be true at the same time

58
Q

Appeal to ignorance

A

Argueing that a lack of evidence proves something

59
Q

False analogy

A

asumeing that if 2 things are alike in one way they are also alike in many others

60
Q

Non Sequester

A
  • “does not follow”

- Linking 2 or more ideas together that have no logical connection

61
Q

Oversimplifying

A

reducing the relationship between cause and effect

62
Q

Quibbiling

A

nitpicking at insignificant things in someone elses argument even of the argument itself if valid

Philosophy (2 decks)

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