Unit 2: Lenses on Ecological Social Movements

Question 1

Social Movement Frames

Answer 1

Framing in social movement refers to the work engaged by movement participants and other actors relevant to the interests of movements and the challenges they mount in that pursuit.

• Example how social movements diagnose problems and solve them.
• How people see the world and construct solutions
• Diagnostic framing (identifying the problem)
• Prognostic framing (identifying who or what caused the problem)
• Motivational framing (making plans of action to address the problem)

Question 2

Globalization (from above and from below)

Answer 2

Globalization from below is when social movements use the mechanisms of globalization to promote social equity within, through, and beyond higher education.
- creates movement of social movements capable of organizing simultaneous coordinated action and peaceful protest on a global scale

Globalization from above is where information and communication technologies (ICT) employed by powerful institutions to perpetuate exclusion and promote their corporate income and class interests.

• It represents the globalization of production, markets and finances
• The global restructuring of corporations and work
• Development of new technologies
• Large-scale tourism
• Worldwide media dominations
• Neo-imperialism

Question 3

Commons

Answer 3

The cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and habitable Earth. These resources are typically held in common, and not owned privately.

Question 4

Enclosures

Answer 4

The appropriation of “waste” or “the commons” by enclosing the land. By doing so, it deprives communities of their rights of access and privilege to the commons.

Question 5

Commodification

Answer 5

The transformation of things into objects of trade and commodities. It can be anything intended for exchange or any object of economic value.

Question 6

Ecofeminism

Answer 6

A branch of feminism that see environmentalism, as the relationship between women and the earth, as foundational to its analysis and practice.

• They draw on the concept of gender to analyze the relationships between humans and the natural world.
• They explore the connections between women and nature and culture, economy, religion, politics, literature, and iconography.
• Addresses the parallels between the oppression of nature and the oppression of women.

Question 7

Ecological Social Movements

Answer 7

Another term for environmental movements regarding a social and political movement mainly concerned with the conversation of the environment as well as improving the state of the environment.

Question 8

Direct Action

Answer 8

Acts in movements where the actors use their power to directly reach certain goals of interest; in contrast to those actions that appeal to others.

• It can be violent or nonviolent activities which targets persons, groups, or property deemed offensive to the action participants
• Nonviolent action can include sit-ins, strikes, blockades
• Violent action may include political violence, assault, or sabotage

Question 9

Diffusion

Answer 9

Diffusion is the process of spreading something within a social system. It focuses its attention on the relationships between social actors involved in the creation or initiation of an innovation and those who adopt it.

Question 10

Protest Communication

Answer 10

Social movements use protest communication to articulate and popularize their demands and alternatives and interact with other institutional actors.

Question 11

Manufactured Consent

Answer 11

The prioritization of profits over critical analysis of the news has the effect of creating manufactured consent.

• Proposed by Noam Chomsky & Edward Herman
• Argues that mass communication are effective and powerful ideological institutions that carry out a system-supportive propaganda function, by reliance on market forces, internalized assumption, self-censorship and coercion.